| 1. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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The Metro Project : Final report
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report compiles the results from the METRO project. The different parts of theproject – design fires, evacuation, integrated fire control, smoke control, extraordinarystrain onconstructions and fire- and rescue operations – are presented separately.The most complicated and expensive part of the project was the performance of thelarge scale fire and explosion tests in the Brunsberg tunnel, where the maximum heatrelease rates measured from the metro wagon was 77 MW.The main results from the project are new recommendations regarding design firesin mass transport systems, identification of key factors for fire and smoke spread in tunnelsand at stations as well as regarding the difficulties for disabled persons to evacuatefrom trains in tunnels, new recommended types of way guiding systems, safer design incase of explosions in trains and evaluation of the fire and rescue services’ possibilitiesand limitations in underground mass transport systems.
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| 3. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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The Metro Project: Final Report
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report compiles the results from the METRO-project. The different parts of the project; design fires, evacuation, integrated fire control, smoke control, extraordinary strain on constructions and fire- and rescue operations are presented separately. The most complicated and expensive part of the project was the performance of the large scale fire and explosion tests in the Brunsberg tunnel. The maximum heat release rates measured from the metro carriage was 77 MW. The maximum ceiling gas temperatures was 1118 °C. These values are high, and should be put into a perspective of the situation and the type of carriages used. The project is not recommending the highest values as the design fire, but values reflected in conditions. The egress study confirm that one of the major issues related to fire evacuation in underground transportation systems is that people often are reluctant to initiate an evacuation. New data show that participants moved with an average of 0.9 meters per second in the smoke filled environment (average visibility of 1.5–3.5 meters). A way-finding installation at the emergency exit, which consisted of a loudspeaker, was found to perform particularly well in terms of attracting people to the door. Two smoke control systems were simulated for a single exit metro station. The systems consisted of a pressurizing supply air system and mechanical exhaust ventilation system with and without platform screen doors. The results show that both the pressurizing supply air system and the mechanical exhaust air system provide effective smoke control for one exit metro station. The significance of the platform screen doors was shown to be important in relation to smoke control. Experiments and simulations have provided increased confidence in ability to simulate explosion scenarios to determine the pressure inside and outside a carriage and to be able to study variations of conditions such as carriage geometry and window designs. The explosion test performed show that an explosion with a relatively minor charge can significantly change the conditions for both evacuees and the rescue service. The results show that the conditions for evacuation and rescue operations can change dramatically as a result of a relatively minor explosion. Evaluation of methods and fire and rescue tactics in metros is given. Mapping of IR imaging as a tactical resource at tunnel fires was presented.
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| 4. |
- Kumm, Mia, et al.
(författare)
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Räddningsinsats i tunnelmiljö : Fullskaleförsök i Tistbrottet, Sala
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I oktober 2013 genomfördes sex fullskaliga brandförsök med kombinerat förflyttnings och släckmoment i Björka Minerals dolomitgruva i Tisbrottet i Sala. Tidigare har dessa två moment inte kombinerats under kontrollerade former där mätningar och observationer dokumenterats i så omfattande grad som i denna försöksserie. Rökdykarnas uppgift vid samtliga av försöken var att avancera in i tunneln och släcka branden. De sex olika försöken utgjordes av konventionell slangutläggning med slangkorgar respektive bärsele, utlägg med tomt system fram till brandplatsen, CAFS, skärsläckare och konventionell slangutläggning med hjälp av materielvagn och depåluft. Försöken visade att konventionell slangutläggning tar lång tid i anspråk, men att utlägg med tomt system och bärsele kan korta tiderna och minska belastningen. Försöken visade också att system med lägre vattenflöden hade möjligheter att slå ner branden, men att mängden vatten var avgörande för att undvika återantändning. Värmekameror är generellt inte anpassade för tunnelmiljöer och ett stort behov finns för vidare utveckling av både utrustning och utbildningsmaterial.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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External conditions have a significant impact on the air flow in tunnels using transverse ventilation for smoke extraction
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2008 the City of Stockholm Traffic Administration conducted a series of full scale tests, with heat and smoke generation equivalent to that from a fire in a small car, in one of their urban tunnels with transverse ventilation. The primary goal of the tests was to verify how the ventilation system worked and also to provide an opportunity for the local fire brigade and consultants in this field to see what one could expect in a similar situation. A total of four different tests were carried out at two different locations in the tunnel. Methanol was chosen as fuel and the smoke was produced from smoke machines. The ventilation conditions were set according to a pre-set function to simulate both low and high traffic conditions and the fire ventilation was activated 10 minutes after ignition of the simulated car fire. The result of the tests illustrated a variety of phenomena where the external conditions and the general design of the tunnel had a significant impact on the air flow. These aspects determined the direction of airflow in the tunnel regardless of the pre-set ventilation settings. The ventilation settings for the different traffic cases had a significant impact on the stratification of smoke in the event of a fire.
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| 9. |
- Blomqvist, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Quantified in Large-Scale Fire Experiments
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 48:2, s. 513-528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of large-scale fire experiments with detailed quantitative analysisof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) including PAH congener distributionhave been conducted by SP. This data is reviewed here and is further assessed withregard to toxicity applying a Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) model for estimationof cancer potential. The PAH yield data from the large-scale fire experiments is alsocompared to emission factors from other combustion sources. The study shows thatfull-scale fire experiments with different products exhibit a large variation in totalPAH yields. Fires with products containing flame retardants were shown to producethe highest yields and generally a more toxic mixture of PAHs than fires with nonflameretarded products. The distribution of individual PAH congeners is generallyquantitatively dominated by low molecular weight PAHs, whereas a small number ofmedium to high molecular weight PAHs are most important in determining the toxicityof the PAH mixture. The large-scale fire experiments indicate that fires normallyproduce orders of magnitudes higher yields compared to, e.g. modern residentialcombustion devices. The relative distribution of individual PAHs, which determinesthe toxicity of the PAH mix, is similar for the fires and open burning data studied, inthat benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene dominate the toxicity of the mix as awhole.
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