| 1. |
- Palm, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Breathing air consumption during different firefighting methods in underground mining environment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper analyses the breathing air consumption among participating firefighters during full-scale tests performed in the Tistbrottet mine in Sweden 2013. The availability of breathing air during firefighting has in earlier work been identified as a critical tactical factor in underground firefighting. Results from the tests show that there are differences in the breathing air consumption and that this depends on the methods used, equipment and the workload. The use of BA-teams, i.e. firefighters equipped with breathing apparatuses, is a complex group activity where the largest breathing air consumer will set the limits for the whole team. Light equipment and a structured command and control during the activities will enhance the endurance and the firefighting performance. Equipment and methods affect both firefighting performance and the durability of the firefighting activities. Examples of tested methods and equipment during the test series are: different variations of conventional hose lay-out; CAFS; cutting extinguisher; and trolley for equipment and complementary air. The aid of additional air supply and the use of trolleys will support the activities but is dependent on a large degree of preparation and training to function properly. Based on the tests, it is concluded that the larger model of air bottles should be considered for distances longer than 75 m. © 2022 The Authors
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| 2. |
- Dahlbom, Sixten, et al.
(författare)
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A theoretical evaluation of the impact of the type of reaction on heat production and material losses in biomass piles
- 2023
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 11:12, s. 2693-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-heating during storage of biomass in piles causes material losses, leads to emissions to air, and poses a risk of fire. There are different techniques to assess a biomass material's propensity for self-heating, some of these are briefly reviewed. One of these techniques is isothermal calorimetry, which measures thermal power from materials and produces time-resolved curves. A recently developed and published test standard, ISO 20049-1:2020, describes how the self-heating of pelletized biofuels can be determined by means of isothermal calorimetry and how thermal power and the total heat produced during the test should be measured by isothermal calorimetry. This paper supports interpretation of the result obtained by isothermal calorimetry; the mentioned standard provides examples of peak thermal power and total heat but does not provide any assistance on how the result from isothermal measurements should be interpreted or how the result from measurements on different samples could be compared. This paper addresses the impact of different types of reactions, peak thermal power, total heat released (heat of reaction), activation energy, heat conductivity, and pile size on the temperature development in a generic pile of biomass. This paper addresses important parameters when the result from isothermal calorimetry is evaluated. The most important parameter, with respect to temperature development in large piles, was found to be the total heat released. It was also proposed that safe storage times, that is, the time until a run-away of the temperature in the pile, could be ranked based on the time to the peak thermal power.
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| 3. |
- Fjellgaard Mikalsen, Ragni, et al.
(författare)
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Fires in waste facilities : Challenges and solutions from a Scandinavian perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fires in waste facilities represent significant potential social, economic and environmental challenges. Although the awareness of fires in waste facilities and their consequences has increased in recent years, significant fire safety challenges remain. Fires in waste facilities in Norway and Sweden have been studied to make an overall fire safety assessment and propose measures for increased fire safety. Common ignition causes include self-heating, thermal runaway in batteries, friction, human activity, technical or electrical error and unfavourable combined storage. High-risk wastes include general, residual waste, batteries, electrical and electronics waste, and paper and cardboard. Frequent fires in outdoor storage, increasing indoor storage and new types of waste appear to result in an increased reluctance by insurance companies to work with waste facilities. Measures are suggested for fire safe facility design, operations, waste handling and storage, as well as actions to limit the consequences for the environment and the facility during and after a fire. These actions may prevent fires and minimise the impact of fires that do occur. Increased fire safety at waste facilities may foster a better dialogue between the industry and insurance providers by reducing the potential economic impacts, and limit potential social costs and environmental impacts. © 2020 The Authors
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| 4. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
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BREND 2.0 - Fighting fires in new energy carriers on deck 2.0
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The project BREND investigated risk with alternative fuel vehicles inside ro-ro spaces. BREND 2.0 is a continuation and has in particular investigated two of the major risks identified in BREND, namely the risk of toxic gases from electric vehicle fires and the risk of a pressure vessel explosion for fire exposed biogas or hydrogen vehicle tanks. Simulations of electric vehicle fires inside a ro-ro space based on real input fire data has been performed. Field experiments that investigate the conditions that can lead to pressure vessel explosion were made with fire exposed biogas and hydrogen tanks. Recommendations are given about how ro-ro space fires in alternative fuel vehicles, or indeed any vehicle fire, can be managed.
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| 5. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
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Tactical depressurization of hydrogen containers with civilian rifle and ammunition
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There can be situations, for example if gas containers have been damaged in a vehicle crash, when the fire and rescue service would like to depressurize the gas containers through shooting with a civilian rifle. Modern high-pressure hydrogen containers are designed for a working pressure of 700 bars. This means that they have a very thick and strong shell made of composite material. At the same time the fire and rescue service only have access to civilian rifles and ammunition that can be bought for hunting purposes. Thus, tactical and safe depressurization of hydrogen containers is a big challenge. RISE have, together with the Södra Älvsborgs Fire and Rescue Services (SÄRF), Swedish Civil Contingency Agency, and Lund University conducted shooting tests of gas tanks mounted on a hydrogen gas vehicle and three stand-alone hydrogen gas tanks. The shooting tests were conducted at Remmene shooting field in Sweden. Thirteen shooting tests with hydrogen tanks placed in favouarable positions were performed. Out of these, only four tests were succesful in puncturing the individual gas tank in a single shot. Furthermore, two unwanted events occurred; one rupture (after 7 shots) and two powerful jets (after 20 and one shot respectively). This shows that further development and research is required in order to develop a method to safely depressurize high pressure hydrogen tanks.
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| 6. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
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Uneven exposure of compressed natural gas (CNG) and hydrogen (H2) cylinders : Fire and extinguishment tests
- 2024
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicles that are powered by gaseous fuel, e.g., compressed natural gas (CNG) or hydrogen (H2), may, in the event of fire, result in a jet flame from a thermally activated pressure relief device (TPRD), or a pressure vessel explosion. There have been a few incidents for CNG vehicles where the TPRD was unsuccessful to prevent a pressure vessel explosion in the event of fire, both nationally in Sweden and internationally. If the pressure vessel explosion would occur inside an enclosure such as a road tunnel, the resulting consequences are even more problematic. In 2019 the authors investigated the fire safety of CNG cylinders exposed to localized fires. One purpose of the tests conducted in 2021 reported in this paper is to investigate whether extinguishment with water, e.g., from a tunnel deluge system, may compromise the safety of vehicle gas cylinders in the event of fire. Steel cylinders handles the situation with localizde fire and/or cooling with water well. Composite tanks can rupture if the fire exposure degrades the composite material strength, and the TPRD is not sufficiently heated to activate, e.g., if the fire is localized or if the TPRD is being cooled by water, which prevents its activation.
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| 7. |
- Huang, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a numerical tool using an open source code for creating a safer working environment for the Swedish industries regarding dust explosions : Part report (from 2019-02-01 until 2020-01-31)
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dammexplosioner är ett konstant hot mot de svenska industrier som hanterar material eller utför processer som skapar brännbart damm, såsom pelletstillverkare, livsmedelsindustri, metallindustri m.m. Det aktuella projektet syftar till att (i) utveckla välvaliderade numeriska modeller som kan ta hänsyn till de viktigaste förbränningsfenomenen, (ii) utveckla ett numeriskt verktyg baserat på en öppen källkod, och (iii) beräkna verkliga dammexplosionsscenarier i samråd med representanter för berörda industrier. Projektresultatet kan fylla kunskapsluckorna när det gäller förståelse för dammexplosioner, att uppskatta konsekvenser av dammexplosioner, ge rekommendationer för bättre konstruktion av byggnader och relevanta säkerhetssystem, och därmed ge personalen en säkrare arbetsmiljö. Under det första året, har den öppna källkodsplattformen OpenFOAM installerats och testats. Den så kallade FSC (Flame Speed Closure) modellen för förblandade turbulenta flammor implementerades i OpenFOAM. Implementeringen av FSC-modellen har verifierats mot analytiska lösningar för 1-D plana och 3-D sfäriska förblandade turbulenta flammor. Verifikation av implementationen visar att modellen implementerades korrekt. För närvarande är den numeriska modellen under validering mot småskaliga experimentella resultat för 3-D sfäriska flamma i Leeds förbränningskärl. De första beräkningarna visar att modellen och koden predikterar trenden. Det vill säga, flamhastigheter ökar när turbulenta hastighetsfluktuationer ökar. Beräkningar visar också att modellen och koden även kvantitativt predikterar flamhastigheter om rimliga modelleringsparametrar används. I nästa steg, kommer modellen och koden utvecklas ytterligare för att ta hänsyn till värmeförluster och strålning. Därefter kommer beräkningsresultaten att jämföras med experimentella resultat från de storskaliga tryckavlastningsförsöken, med olika geometrier, utförda vid Rembe® Research and Technology Center.
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| 8. |
- Huang, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a numerical tool using an open source code for creating a safer working environment for the Swedish industries regarding dust explosions : Part report (from 2020-02-01 until 2021-01-31)
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dammexplosioner är ett konstant hot mot de svenska industrier som hanterar material eller utför processer som skapar brännbart damm, såsom pelletstillverkare, livsmedelsindustri, metallindustri m.m. Det aktuella projektet syftar till att (i) utveckla välvaliderade numeriska modeller som kan ta hänsyn till de viktigaste förbränningsfenomenen, (ii) utveckla ett numeriskt verktyg baserat på en öppen källkod, och (iii) beräkna verkliga dammexplosionsscenarier i samråd med representanter för berörda industrier. Projektresultatet kan fylla kunskapsluckorna när det gäller förståelse för dammexplosioner, att uppskatta konsekvenser av dammexplosioner, ge rekommendationer för bättre konstruktion av byggnader och relevanta säkerhetssystem, och därmed ge personalen en säkrare arbetsmiljö. I slutet av det första och i början av det andra projektåret, har den utvecklade numeriska plattformen, som innehåller dammexplosionsmodellen validerats med de experimentella data för dammexplosioner i majsstärkelse i Leeds förbränningskärl under välkontrollerade experimentella förhållanden. Därefter har ett samarbete etablerats med Rembe Research and Technology Center i Tyskland för att applicera den utvecklade numeriska plattformen för att simulera en storskalig industriell dammexplosion. Parallellt med samarbetet med Rembe, har ett samarbete etablerats med Gexcon för att utföra en gemensam studie om dammexplosioner med det utvecklade verktyget i projektet och den kommersiella koden FLACS-DustEx.
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| 9. |
- Huang, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a numerical tool using an open-source code for creating a safer working environment for the Swedish industries regarding dust explosions
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dust explosion has been a constant threat to the physical working environment of the Swedish process industries which deal with combustible powders. Examples of such industries are pellets, paper, metal processing, food and feed, pharmaceuticals, and additive industries. This project aims at (i) development of physics-based and well-validated models which address the important combustion phenomena in dust explosions, (ii) development of a well-verified and an efficient numerical tool based on an open-source toolbox OpenFOAM for predicting consequences of dust explosions and (iii) simulation of large-scale dust explosions in the process industries. The project result improves the understanding of dust explosions, and it provides the process industries with a numerical tool for designing safer process plant regarding dust explosions.The model and code development were carried out in a step-by-step fashion. First, the so-called Flame Speed Closure (FSC) model for premixed turbulent combustion, was implemented into OpenFOAM. The implementation was verified against analytical solutions for 1-dimensional planar and 3-dimensional spherical turbulent flames. Second, the developed code including the model, i.e., FSCDustFoam, was validated against experimental data on corn starch dust explosion in a fan-stirred explosion vessel under well-controlled laboratory conditions. Third, the FSC model was extended by adapting the well-known experimental observations of the self-similarity of the flame acceleration to address large-scale industrial dust explosions. An excellent agreement between measurements of vented corn starch dust explosions in an 11.5 m3 vessel and the simulations using the extended the FSC model was obtained.In spite of the successful development of FSCDustFoam, challenges remain. Specifically, the current version of FSCDustFoam cannot address the effect of different shapes of vent openings on dust explosions. Nevertheless, FSCDustFoam is a promising tool to be applied and further developed to resolve the challenging reality regarding dust explosions in the Swedish process industries.
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| 10. |
- Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Safety at waste and recycling industry : Detection and mitigation of waste fire accidents
- 2022
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 141, s. 271-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, NASA’s VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) fire hotspots and data of the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), collected between 2012 and 2018, was integrated to characterize waste fire incidents that were detected by VIIRS and reported to MSB (DaR), detected by VIIRS but not reported to MSB (DbNR) and that are reported to MSB but not detected by VIIRS (RbND). Results show that the average number of open waste fire incidents per million capita per year (AFIPMC) in Sweden, for the period 2012–2018, ranges from 2.4 to 4.7. Although a weak correlation exists (r = 0.44, P = 0.1563, one tailed) between years and number of fire incidents (MSB + VIIRS fires), a continuous increase in number of fire incidents was recorded between 2014 and 2018. It is concluded that the use of satellite data of fire anomalies, in-combination with the use of incident reports, will help in formalizing more reliable and comprehensive waste fire statistics. Another focus area of the article is to consolidate the recommendations and routines for safe storage of waste and biofuels and to present the lessons that can be learnt from past fire incidents. The article also discusses the technical, political, economic, social, and practical aspects of waste fires and provide a baseline for future research and experimentation.
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