| 1. |
- Achterberg, A., et al.
(författare)
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The search for muon neutrinos from northern hemisphere gamma-ray bursts with AMANDA
- 2008
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 674:1, s. 357-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the results of the analysis of neutrino observations by the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) correlated with photon observations of more than 400 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the northern hemisphere from 1997 to 2003. During this time period, AMANDA's effective collection area for muon neutrinos was larger than that of any other existing detector. After the application of various selection criteria to our data, we expect similar to 1 neutrino event and <2 background events. Based on our observations of zero events during and immediately prior to the GRBs in the data set, we set the most stringent upper limit on muon neutrino emission correlated with GRBs. Assuming a Waxman-Bahcall spectrum and incorporating all systematic uncertainties, our flux upper limit has a normalization at 1 PeV of E-2 Phi(nu) <= 6.3 x 10(-9) GeV cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1), with 90% of the events expected within the energy range of similar to 10 TeV to similar to 3 PeV. The impact of this limit on several theoretical models of GRBs is discussed, as well as the future potential for detection of GRBs by next-generation neutrino telescopes. Finally, we briefly describe several modifications to this analysis in order to apply it to other types of transient point sources.
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| 2. |
- Szatmari, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 39:3, s. 319-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are common, heritable neurodevelopmental conditions. The genetic architecture of ASDs is complex, requiring large samples to overcome heterogeneity. Here we broaden coverage and sample size relative to other studies of ASDs by using Affymetrix 10K SNP arrays and 1,168 families with at least two affected individuals, performing the largest linkage scan to date while also analyzing copy number variation in these families. Linkage and copy number variation analyses implicate chromosome 11p12-p13 and neurexins, respectively, among other candidate loci. Neurexins team with previously implicated neuroligins for glutamatergic synaptogenesis, highlighting glutamate-related genes as promising candidates for contributing to ASDs.
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| 3. |
- Carroll, M. A., et al.
(författare)
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Reactive nitrogen oxide fluxes to a mixed hardwood forest
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Congress in May 2008.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurements of NOx (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) mixing ratios and fluxes (20 May – 1 September) and NOy mixing ratios and fluxes (9 August – 1 September) were made at a northern mixed hardwood forest located at the University of Michigan Biological Station in northern Michigan, USA (45.5 deg N, 84.7 deg W, elevation 238 m) in 2005. During the 15-week period of NOx measurements, the site received flow from two dominant flow regimes: the north-northwest (ozone 20 – 40 ppbv) and the south-southwest (ozone 40 – 100 ppbv) approximately 26% and 27% of the time, respectively. Typical ambient NOx and NOy levels ranged from 0.5 – 2.4 ppbv and 0.5 to 3 ppbv, respectively. NO and NOy fluxes were found to be strongly diurnal with mid-day maximum downward fluxes of 0.5 – 2 and 1 – 2 μmole per square meter per hour, respectively, and nighttime fluxes at or near zero. In contrast, NO2 fluxes were small and upward during the morning, small and downward during the afternoon, and at or near zero at night. NOx fluxes were found to be essentially zero throughout the day and night. If all of the NOy deposition in this study were in the form of nitric acid, it would increase the available nutrient nitrate input to the forest by 8% over measured wet nitrate deposition.
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| 4. |
- Cederborg, Ann-Christin, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Repeated interviews with children who have intellectual disabilities
- 2008
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Ingår i: JARID. - : Wiley. - 1360-2322 .- 1468-3148. ; 21:2, s. 103-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background We predicted that repeated interviewing would improve the informativeness of children with intellectual disabilities who were questioned in criminal investigations. Materials The chronological ages of the 19 children, involved in 20 cases, ranged between 4.7 and 18 years (M = 10.3 years) at the time of the first alleged abuse. Method The utterances used by interviewers to elicit information in both initial and later interviews were examined. We then assessed the substantive information provided in both interviews and compared information elicited using focused questions in the initial interview with responses about the same topic elicited using open questions in the second interview. Results The hypothesis was supported: over 80% of the information reported in the repeated interviews was about completely new topics or was new information elaborating upon previously discussed topics. However, because the interviewing techniques were so poor in both first and second interviews, information provided in the repeated interviews may have been contaminated irrespective of the children's capacities. Conclusion When children with intellectual disabilities are given a second chance to provide information about their abuse, they can further develop the information that they report and even provide entirely new information about their experiences. When interviewers are not specially trained in how to interview children with intellectual disabilities, we cannot assume that repeated interviews provide reliable and accurate information, however. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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| 5. |
- Cederborg, Ann-Christin, et al.
(författare)
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Repetition of contaminating question types when children and youths with intellectual disabilities are interviewed
- 2009
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH. - : Wiley. - 0964-2633 .- 1365-2788. ; 53, s. 440-449
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examined the effects of repeating questions in interviews investigating the possible sexual abuse of children and youths who had a variety of intellectual disabilities. We predicted that the repetition of option-posing and suggestive questions would lead the suspected victims to change their responses, making it difficult to understand what actually happened. Inconsistency can be a key factor when assessing the reliability of witnesses. Case files and transcripts of investigative interviews with 33 children and youths who had a variety of intellectual disabilities were obtained from prosecutors in Sweden. The interviews involved 25 females and 9 males whose chronological ages were between 5.4 and 23.7 years when interviewed (M = 13.2 years). Six per cent of the questions were repeated at least once. The repetition of focused questions raised doubts about the reports because the interviewees changed their answers 40% of the time. Regardless of the witnesses abilities, it is important to obtain reports that are as accurate and complete as possible in investigative interviews. Because this was a field study, we did not know which responses were accurate, but repetitions of potentially contaminating questions frequently led the interviewees to contradict their earlier answers. This means that the interviewers behaviour diminished the usefulness of the witnesses testimony.
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| 6. |
- Hogg, A., et al.
(författare)
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Multi-year measurements of stomatal and non-stomatal fluxes
- 2007
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Ingår i: American Geophysical Union, Meeting in San Francisco, 10–14 December 2007.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Measurements of ozone, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes, as well as relative humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed, leaf area index, ambient ozone, and plant physiological parameters were made at a northern mixed hardwood forest located at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) in northern Michigan during the growing seasons 2002 through 2005. The ozone measurements were used to calculate total ozone flux and partitioning between stomatal and non-stomatal sinks. Total ozone flux varied diurnally with downward flux reaching -100 μmol m-2 h-1 at midday, at or near zero at night. Mean daytime canopy conductance varied over the four years: 0.39 mol m-2 s-1 (2002), 0.41 mol m-2 s-1 (2003), 0.52 mol m-2 s-1 (2004), and 0.43 mol m-2 s-1 (2005). Stomatal conductance showed expected patterns of behavior with respect to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Estimated peak growing season stomatal ozone burden (flux) was 2.9 x105 nmol m-2 in 2002, 5.6 x105 nmol m-2 in 2003, 6.6 x105 nmol m-2 in 2004, and 4.1 x105 nmol m-2 in 2005. Non-stomatal conductance for ozone increased monotonically with increasing PPFD, and increased with temperature before falling off again at high temperature. Daytime non-stomatal ozone sinks were large and varied with time and environmental drivers. Daytime non-stomatal ozone conductance accounted for as much as 61% (2002), 31% (2003), 36% (2004), or 57% (2005) of canopy conductance, with the non-stomatal partition representing 4.2x105 nmol m-2 (2002), 2.0x105 nmol m-2 (2003), 3.5x105 nmol m-2 (2004), 3.5x105 nmol m-2 (2005) of the flux. Non-stomatal ozone conductance was strongly diurnal and a significant proportion of total canopy conductance.
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| 7. |
- Hogg, A., et al.
(författare)
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Stomatal and non-stomatal fluxes of ozone to a northern mixed hardwood forest
- 2007
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Ingår i: Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology. - 0280-6509. ; 59:3, s. 514-525
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measurements of ozone, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes and plant physiological parameters were made at a northern mixed hardwood forest located at the University of Michigan Biological Station in northern Michigan from June 27 to September 28, 2002. These measurements were used to calculate total ozone flux and partitioning between stomatal and non-stomatal sinks. Total ozone flux varied diurnally with maximum values reaching 100 mu mol m(-2) h(-1) at midday and minimums at or near zero at night. Mean daytime canopy conductance was 0.5 mol m(-2) s(-1). During daytime, non-stomatal ozone conductance accounted for as much as 66% of canopy conductance, with the non-stomatal sink representing 63% of the ozone flux. Stomatal conductance showed expected patterns of behaviour with respect to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and vapour pressure defecit (VPD). Non-stomatal conductance for ozone increased monotonically with increasing PPFD, increased with temperature (T) before falling off again at high T, and behaved similarly for VPD. Day-time non-stomatal ozone sinks are large and vary with time and environmental drivers, particularly PPFD and T. This information is crucial to deriving mechanistic models that can simulate ozone uptake by different vegetation types.
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