| 1. |
- Hodgins, Sheilagh, et al.
(författare)
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Teachers' ratings of childhood behaviours predict adolescent and adult crime among 3016 males and females
- 2013
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Ingår i: Canadian journal of psychiatry. - 0706-7437. ; 58:3, s. 143-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To examine associations of teacher-rated conduct problems (CP) and hurtful and uncaring behaviours (HUB) at age 6 and 10 with criminal convictions up to age 24 among 1593 males and 1423 females, and to determine whether aggressive behaviour at age 12 mediated the associations of CP and HUB with criminal convictions. Method: Teachers assessed HUB and CP at ages 6 and 10 and ratings above the 90th percentile at each age and within each sex were used to assign participants to 1 of 4 groups. Teachers assessed proactive, reactive, indirect, and verbal aggression at age 12. Juvenile and adult criminal records were obtained. Results: High CP and HUB males, aged 6, were 4 times more likely than males with lower ratings to acquire convictions for violent crimes and 5 times more likely to acquire convictions for nonviolent crimes by age 24. High HUB and CP females, aged 6, were 5 times more likely than females with lower ratings to have a conviction for a nonviolent offence by age 24. Among males, both aged 6 and 10, high HUB without CP were associated with elevations at risk of convictions for violent and nonviolent crimes, while among females the elevations at risk were limited to convictions for nonviolent crimes. Different types of aggressive behaviour mediated associations of high HUB and CP with subsequent criminal convictions, but not the association of HUB without CP and crime. Conclusions: Teachers in elementary schools rated behaviours that, from age 6 onward, significantly predicted criminal convictions into early adulthood.
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| 2. |
- Larm, Peter
(författare)
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Long-term adverse outcomes and resilience of individuals who misused substances as adolescents
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Little is known about the long-term outcomes in multiple domains of adult functioning of individuals who as adolescents misused substances. The goal of this thesis was to examine adverse and resilient outcomes through 30 years of adulthood of individuals who as adolescents had consulted a clinic for substance misuse problems and to identify risk and protective factors present in adolescence that distinguished trajectories of adult development. Method: Data were used from a longitudinal project, the Consequences of Antisocial Behaviour in Adolescence (CASBA), a follow-up study documenting adult outcomes of two cohorts of individuals who were treated for substance misuse as adolescents and a general population sample matched on age, gender, and birth place. Cohort 1 consisted of 1992 individuals who were treated from 1968 to 1971 while Cohort 2 consisted of 1576 individuals who were treated from 1980 to 1984. Information about the clinic sample in adolescence was extracted from the old clinic files while information about adult outcomes was obtained from national registers. Results: Eight main findings emerged. One, individuals who as adolescents had consulted a clinic for substance misuse problems, as compared to the general population sample, were significantly more likely to experience adverse outcomes defined as death, physical illness, mental illness, substance misuse, criminality, and poverty, during the subsequent 30 years. Two, not only did the clinic sample experience high levels of adversity in each outcome domain, they also experienced adversity in multiple domains of adult functioning. Three, among the individuals who as adolescents had engaged in substance misuse distinct developmental trajectories of resilience over 25 years of adulthood were identified. Four, factors operating in adolescence were associated with outcomes throughout three decades of adulthood. Five, substance misuse in adulthood appeared to drive criminal offending. Six, treatment received at the clinic in adolescence was not associated with resilience in adulthood. Seven, few differences in adult outcomes were found between Cohort 1 and 2. Eight, while gender differences in the risk of adverse outcomes were observed and gender independently predicted the adverse outcomes, no gender differences were observed in trajectories of resilience through adulthood, few gender differences were observed in the great majority of the associations of risk and protective factors with outcomes. Female gender was found to be protective against criminal offending. Conclusions: Adolescence is a critical life period. Both risk factors and protective factors present in adolescence impact outcomes in adulthood. Gender is associated with distinct adult outcomes but not with the accumulation of adverse outcomes or developmental trajectories of resilience in adulthood. The concept of resilience requires modification to take account of the findings that resilience is dynamic and changes over the life course and that it differs across domains of functioning. Defining distinct sub-types of adolescent substance misusers is a necessary first step to identifying causal mechanisms. Substance misuse may play a major role in promoting criminal offending in adulthood.
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| 3. |
- Larm, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Trajectories of resilience over 25 years of individuals who as adolescents consulted for substance misuse and a matched comparison group
- 2010
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 105:7, s. 1216-1225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To examine trajectories of resilience over 25 years among individuals who as adolescents received treatment for substance misuse, the clinical sample (CS) and a matched general population sample (GP). Design: Comparison of the CS and GP over 25 years using Swedish national registers of health care and criminality. Setting: A substance misuse clinic for adolescents in an urban area in Sweden. Measurements: Resilience was defined as the absence of substance misuse, hospitalizations for physical illnesses related to substance misuse, hospitalization for mental illness and law-abiding behaviour from ages 21 to 45 years. Participants: The CS included 701 individuals who as adolescents had consulted a clinic for substance misuse. The GP included 731 individuals selected randomly from the Swedish population and matched for age, sex and birthplace. Findings: A total of 52.4% of the GP and 24.4% of the CS achieved resilience in all domains through 25 years. Among the CS, another one-third initially displayed moderate levels of resilience that rose to high levels over time, one-quarter displayed decreasing levels of resilience over time, while 9.3% showed little but improving resilience and 8.8% showed no resilience. Levels of resilience were associated with the severity of substance misuse and delinquency in adolescence. Conclusions: Individuals who had presented substance misuse problems in adolescence were less likely to achieve resilience over the subsequent 25 years than was a matched general population sample, and among them, four distinct trajectories of resilience were identified. The severity and type of problems presented in adolescence distinguished the four trajectories.
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| 4. |
- Molero Samuelson, Yasmina, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent antisocial behavior as predictor of adverse outcomes to age 50 : A follow-up study of 1,947 individuals
- 2010
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Ingår i: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 37:2, s. 158-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study examined associations between antisocial behavior (ASB) before age 15 and eight adverse outcomes from age 21 to 50 among 1,623 men and 324 women who as adolescents consulted a clinic for substance misuse problems. Outcomes were documented using Swedish national registers and included death, hospitalization for physical illnesses related to substance misuse, mental illness, self-inflicted harm, substance misuse, convictions for violent and nonviolent crimes, and poverty. ASB before age 15 was associated with increased odds of all outcomes in adulthood except hospitalization for mental illness after adjusting for low family socioeconomic status, sex, Sex × ASB, and substance misuse in adulthood and with an increased number of adverse outcomes up to age 50. No gender differences were detected.
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| 5. |
- Molero, Y., et al.
(författare)
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Violent, non-violent and substance-related offending over the life course in a cohort of males and females treated for substance misuse as youths
- 2011
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Ingår i: Aggressive Behavior. - : Wiley. - 0096-140X .- 1098-2337. ; 37:4, s. 338-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most studies on adolescent offending heterogeneity are based on general population samples, and few include individuals with substance misuse or look specifically at substance-related offending. It is also unclear how offender subtypes develop after young adulthood or how offending heterogeneity varies between genders. This study aimed to identify subgroups of offending among adolescents with misuse problems and to examine associations with offending in adulthood. The study included 1,992 females and males that consulted a clinic for adolescents with misuse problems between 1968 and 1971. Latent Class Analyses were conducted to identify subgroups based on violent and nonviolent offending before age 20. Participants were then followed until age 50 and reexamined regarding violent, nonviolent, and substance-related crimes. Associations between subgroups before age 20 and subgroups age 21–50 were examined. Before age 20, three subgroups were identified among the females and six among the males. Males were more specialized in their offending and demonstrated higher levels of offending. Results pointed to both stability and decrease of violent and nonviolent offending, and to the emergence of substance-related offending in adulthood in both genders. The connection between substance-related crimes and general delinquency in adulthood among individuals treated for substance misuse suggests that interventions should also address substance misuse for reducing the overall volume of crime. This study also highlights the importance of including females in research on offending heterogeneity
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| 6. |
- Silva, Teresa, et al.
(författare)
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The association between maltreatment in childhood and criminal convictions to age 24 : a prospective study of a community sample of males from disadvantaged neighbourhoods
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 21:7, s. 403-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While many studies have observed a positive association between maltreatment in childhood and criminality in adolescence and adulthood, others have failed to detect such an association. Most studies, however, have not examined different types of maltreatment, nor taken account of other family and childhood factors that are predictive of criminality. Using data from a prospective, longitudinal investigation of a community sample of 1,037 males, we calculated hierarchical logistic regression models to estimate the associations of boys' self-reports of neglect, emotional abuse, and physical abuse at ages 10 and 12, with convictions for criminal offenses from age 12 to 24, after taking account of conduct problems, hurtful and uncaring behaviours (HUB), and parent's criminality. At ages 10 and 12, boys' reports of neglect, emotional abuse, and physical abuse, were not associated with criminal convictions for non-violent or for violent crimes from age 12 to 24. Among boys who did not engage in HUB towards others reports of emotional abuse were associated with subsequent criminality, while this association disappeared among the boys engaging in such behaviours. In this community sample of males, levels of each type of maltreatment were low and there were no direct associations with subsequent criminal convictions. The findings add to emerging evidence that the characteristics of the child and parents, as well as the type of maltreatment modify the association with future criminal offending.
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| 7. |
- Åslund, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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The buffering effect of tangible social support on financial stress : Influence on psychological well-being and psychosomatic symptoms in a large sample of the adult general population
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal for Equity in Health. - London : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-9276. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Financial stress is an important source of distress and is related to poor mental and physical health outcomes. The present study investigated whether tangible social support could buffer the effect of financial stress on psychological and psychosomatic health. Methods: Two separate postal surveys were sent to random samples in five counties in Sweden in 2004 and 2008, with a total of 84 263 respondents. The questionnaires included questions about financial stress, tangible social support, psychosomatic symptoms, and psychological well-being (General Health Questionnaire-12). Results: Individuals with high financial stress and low tangible social support had six to seven times increased odds ratios for low psychological well-being and many psychosomatic symptoms. By contrast, individuals with high financial stress and high tangible social support had only two to three times increased odds ratios for low psychological well-being and three to four times increased odds ratios for many psychosomatic symptoms, suggesting a buffering effect of tangible social support. Consistent with the buffering hypothesis, there were significant interactions between financial stress and social support, particularly in relation to low psychological well-being. Conclusions: Social support had its strongest effect at high levels of financial stress. The question whether the altering of our social networks may improve physical health is important for the prevention of ill health in people experiencing financial stress. Strengthening social networks may have the potential to influence health-care costs and improve quality of life.
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