| 1. |
- Wang, Z, et al.
(författare)
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Inhalation of swine dust induces cytokine release in the upper and lower airways
- 1997
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - 1399-3003. ; 10:2, s. 381-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In healthy subjects, acute inhalation of swine dust causes an influx of inflammatory cells into the airways and increased bronchial responsiveness. The exposure may also cause fever and generalized symptoms. It seems likely that proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the response to inhaled swine dust. Nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed before, and 7 and 24 h after the start of 3 h exposure to swine dust, during a period of work in a swine confinement building, in 22 healthy subjects. Lavage fluids were analysed with regard to the cellular response and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Each subject carried personal samplers for exposure measurements. Inhalable dust and airborne endotoxin, 3-hydroxylated (2-OH) fatty acid and muramic acid were measured. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was investigated 1-2 weeks before and 7 h after the start of the exposure. Exposure caused fever (> 38 degrees C) in three subjects, and approximately 25% of the subjects experienced symptoms. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine increased by 3.5 (1.6-4.8) doubling doses (median (25th-75th percentile)). Following exposure, granulocytes increased more than 50 fold in BAL fluid and more than 40 fold in nasal lavage fluid. IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta increased significantly in BAL fluid (p < 0.05) and nasal lavage fluid (p < 0.01). IL-6 increased 25 fold in BAL and 15 fold in nasal lavage fluid (p < 0.001). TNF-alpha was below detection limit (0.25 ng.L-1) in most subjects before exposure and increased following exposure to 3.8 (2.4-5.7) and 1.3 (0.6-2.3) ng.L-1 in BAL and nasal lavage fluid, respectively, (p < 0.001). Total inhalable dust was 20.5 (14.6-30.0) mg.m-3 and the concentrations of airborne endotoxin, 3-OH fatty acid and muramic acid were 1.2 (0.8-1.4), 3.5 (2.2-4.5) and 0.9 (0.3-1.9) microgram.m-3, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the IL-6 response in BAL fluid and exposure to dust endotoxin activity and 3-OH fatty acids (p < 0.05). Otherwise, no significant correlations were found between exposure and the cytokine response. We conclude that exposure to swine dust causes an intense upper and lower airway inflammation, which involves the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha.
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| 2. |
- Agrell, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence of Latitudinal Fractionation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners along the Baltic Sea Region
- 1999
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5851 .- 0013-936X. ; 33:8, s. 1149-1156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Annual cycles of the atmospheric concentrations of PCBs were determined at 16 (mostly rural) stations around the Baltic Sea between 1990 and 1993. The concentration levels of individual congeners were found to be influenced by their physical-chemical properties, ambient temperature, and geographical location. Median levels of PCBs were similar at all stations except at one urban site near Riga. A latitudinal gradient with higher levels in the south was found for the sum of PCB as well as for individual congeners, and the gradient was more pronounced for the low volatility congeners. As a result, the high volatility congeners increased in relative importance with latitude. Generally, PCB concentrations increased with temperature, but slopes of the partial pressure in air versus reciprocal temperature were different between congeners and between stations. In general, the low volatility congeners were more temperature dependent than the high volatility PCB congeners. Steep slopes at a sampling location indicate that the concentration in air is largely determined by diffusive exchange with soils. Lack of a temperature dependence may be due to the influence of long-range transported air masses at remote sites and due to the episodic or random nature of PCB sources at urban sites.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Berglund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing organochlorine uptake in age-0 brown trout (Salmo trutta) in lotic environments
- 1997
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. - 1205-7533. ; 54:12, s. 2767-2774
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1994 and 1995, we investigated the relationship between stream morphology and water chemistry and levels of organochlorines (HCB, PCB, and DDT) in young-of-the-year brown trout (Salmo trutta) from 25 streams in southern Sweden. Contrary to earlier findings for lakes, we found a positive relationship between trophic status (total phosphorus) and uptake of persistent pollutants in stream biota (trout). This difference between benthic, stream environments and pelagic, lake environments may be related to processes affecting pollutant uptake, i.e., pollutant "spiralling" or the shift from heterotrophy to autotrophy in streams. Land use in the catchment area of the streams also affected pollutant levels in trout, with higher levels in agricultural landscapes and lower levels in forested areas. Size of catchment area, however, did not influence uptake of pollutants in trout. The results indicate that eutrophication of streams by agricultural activities and excessive nutrient loading may increase uptake of persistent pollutants in stream biota.
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| 6. |
- Bremle, Gudrun, et al.
(författare)
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PCB in water and sediment of a lake after remediation of contaminated sediment
- 1998
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Ingår i: Ambio: a Journal of Human Environment. - 0044-7447. ; 27:5, s. 398-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PCB concentration in river water at the outlet of a lake was monitored far two years following the completed remediation of the PCB contaminated sediment of the lake. The remediation resulted in lowered PCB concentration in the sediment, from 5 mu g g(-1) (d.w.) to 0.060 mu g g(-1) (d.w.). PCB concentration in the water decreased over the two years, but varied seasonally. Highest PCB concentrations were recorded in summer. PCB concentration was positively correlated to temperature. Spring and winter values of PCB concentration were positively correlated to water discharge and to suspended matter probably originating from resedimented particles during remediation, PCA analysis of congener patterns in the water supported this conclusion. The seasonality in PCB concentration and congener distribution seemed to gradually become similar to a location upstream of the contaminated lake.
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| 7. |
- Bremle, Gudrun, et al.
(författare)
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Uptake of PCBs in fish in a contaminated river system: Bioconcentration factors measured in the field
- 1995
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5851 .- 0013-936X. ; 29, s. 2010-2015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have studied PCB concentration and domain (one to three congeners) distribution in water and fish along a gradient of a contaminated river system. The river was contaminated by a small lake that contains about 400 kg of PCB in the sediment. The PCB concentration in water in the outlet from the lake was 8.6 ng/L, which was 12 times higher than upstream. PCB concentration in fish from the lake was about 20 times higher than the concentration in fish from upstream lakes. The polluted lake considerably influenced domain distribution in both water and fish. The fish bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for low to highly chlorinated domains showed a bell-shaped curve. BCFs for low chlorinated PCBs were less than for more highly chlorinated ones, but for the largest molecules the BCFs were reduced. The bell-shaped curve remained also when domain numbers were transformed into corresponding log K-OW values. BCFs for the same domains were shown to vary between stations.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Christensson, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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D-arabinitol--a marker for invasive candidiasis
- 1999
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Ingår i: Medical Mycology. - 1460-2709. ; 37:6, s. 391-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The five-carbon sugar alcohol D-arabinitol (DA) is a metabolite of most pathogenic Candida species, in vitro as well as in vivo, and can be determined by gas chromatography or enzymatic analysis. Endogenous DA and L-arabinitol (LA) are present in human body fluids, and serum DA and LA increase in renal dysfunction. In prospective clinical studies, elevated DA/LA or DA/creatine ratios in serum or urine have been found in immunocompromised, usually neutropenic, patients with invasive candidiasis. In addition, positive DA results have been obtained several days to weeks before positive blood cultures, and the normalization of DA levels has been correlated with therapeutic response in both humans and animals. However, to date, only a few prospective studies have been conducted in which adequate analytical methods were used. Thus, further investigation of various patient groups is needed to establish the applicability of the 'arabinitol method' in the diagnostic battery for invasive Candida infections.
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