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- Larsson, Matz, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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AT-läkare lär sig inte tillräckligt om livsstilsfaktorer och hälsa : de flesta får inte mer än 4 timmars undervisning, visarenkät
- 2013
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - Stockholm, Sweden : Läkartidningen Förlag AB. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 110:38, s. 1662-1663
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Sjukligheten hos var femtepatient bedöms betingad av livsstilsfaktorer.Socialstyrelsen presenterade inovember 2011 nationella riktlinjer för arbetet med att stödja hälsosamma levnadsvanor.I vilken omfattning får AT-läkare utbildning i hälsofrämjande arbete? För att besvara den frågan har en webbaserad enkät till landets AT-studierektorer genomförts.Enkäten visar stora variationer beträffande utbildning i hälsofrämjande arbete för AT-läkare.För såväl alkohol-, narkotika-,dopnings- och tobaksfrågor som frågor om kost och motion var utbildningstiden i de flesta fall inte mer än 4 timmar.Mindre än hälften angav att undervisning i strukturerad samtalsmetodik ingår i utbildningen
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| 2. |
- Larsson, Matz, 1955-
(författare)
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Incidental sounds of locomotion in animal cognition
- 2012
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Ingår i: Animal Cognition. - : Springer. - 1435-9448 .- 1435-9456. ; 15:1, s. 1-13
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The highly synchronized formations that characterize schooling in fish and the flight of certain bird groups have frequently been explained as reducing energy expenditure. I present an alternative, or complimentary, hypothesis that synchronization of group movements may improve hearing perception. Although incidental sounds produced as a by-product of locomotion (ISOL) will be an almost constant presence to most animals, the impact on perception and cognition has been little discussed. A consequence of ISOL may be masking of critical sound signals in the surroundings. Birds in flight may generate significant noise; some produce wing beats that are readily heard on the ground at some distance from the source. Synchronization of group movements might reduce auditory masking through periods of relative silence and facilitate auditory grouping processes. Respiratory locomotor coupling and intermittent flight may be other means of reducing masking and improving hearing perception. A distinct border between ISOL and communicative signals is difficult to delineate. ISOL seems to be used by schooling fish as an aid to staying in formation and avoiding collisions. Bird and bat flocks may use ISOL in an analogous way. ISOL and interaction with animal perception, cognition, and synchronized behavior provide an interesting area for future study.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Larsson, Matz, 1955-
(författare)
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Self-generated sounds of locomotion and ventilation and the evolution of human rhythmic abilities
- 2014
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Ingår i: Animal Cognition. - : Springer. - 1435-9448 .- 1435-9456. ; 17:1, s. 1-14
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that the basic building blocks of music mimic sounds of moving humans, and because the brain was primed to exploit such sounds, they eventually became incorporated in human culture. However, that raises further questions. Why do genetically close, culturally well-developed apes lack musical abilities? Did our switch to bipedalism influence the origins of music? Four hypotheses are raised: (1) Human locomotion and ventilation can mask critical sounds in the environment. (2) Synchronization of locomotion reduces that problem. (3) Predictable sounds of locomotion may stimulate the evolution of synchronized behavior. (4) Bipedal gait and the associated sounds of locomotion influenced the evolution of human rhythmic abilities. Theoretical models and research data suggest that noise of locomotion and ventilation may mask critical auditory information. People often synchronize steps subconsciously. Human locomotion is likely to produce more predictable sounds than those of non-human primates. Predictable locomotion sounds may have improved our capacity of entrainment to external rhythms and to feel the beat in music. A sense of rhythm could aid the brain in distinguishing among sounds arising from discrete sources and also help individuals to synchronize their movements with one another. Synchronization of group movement may improve perception by providing periods of relative silence and by facilitating auditory processing. The adaptive value of such skills to early ancestors may have been keener detection of prey or stalkers and enhanced communication. Bipedal walking may have influenced the development of entrainment in humans and thereby the evolution of rhythmic abilities.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Larsson, Matz, 1955-
(författare)
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Why do fish school?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current Zoology. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press. - 1674-5507 .- 2396-9814. ; 58:1, s. 116-128
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synchronized movements (schooling) emit complex and overlapping sound and pressure curves that might confuse the inner ear and lateral line organ (LLO) of a predator. Moreover, prey-fish moving close to each other may blur the electro-sensory perception of predators. The aim of this review is to explore mechanisms associated with synchronous swimming that may have contributed to increased adaptation and as a consequence may have influenced the evolution of schooling. The evolutionary development of the inner ear and the LLO increased the capacity to detect potential prey, possibly leading to an increased potential for cannibalism in the shoal, but also helped small fish to avoid joining larger fish, resulting in size homogeneity and, accordingly, an increased capacity for moving in synchrony. Water-movements and incidental sound produced as by-product of locomotion (ISOL) may provide fish with potentially useful information during swimming, such as neighbour body-size, speed, and location. When many fish move close to one another ISOL will be energetic and complex. Quiet intervals will be few. Fish moving in synchrony will have the capacity to discontinue movements simultaneously, providing relatively quiet intervals to allow the reception of potentially critical environmental signals. Besides, synchronized movements may facilitate auditory grouping of ISOL. Turning preference bias, well-functioning sense organs, good health, and skillful motor performance might be important to achieving an appropriate distance to school neighbors and aid the individual fish in reducing time spent in the comparatively less safe school periphery. Turning preferences in ancestral fish shoals might have helped fish to maintain groups and stay in formation, reinforcing aforementioned predator confusion mechanisms, which possibly played a role in the lateralization of the vertebrate brain.
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