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- Hillier, Ladeana W, et al.
(författare)
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Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 432:7018, s. 695-716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Kintscher, Ulrich, et al.
(författare)
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PPARalpha inhibits TGF-beta-induced beta5 integrin transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells by interacting with Smad4
- 2002
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Ingår i: Circulation Research. - 0009-7330 .- 1524-4571. ; 91:11, s. e35-e44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Integrins play an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, a crucial event in the development of restenosis and atherosclerosis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is highly expressed in restenotic and atherosclerotic lesions, and known to induce integrin expression. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, regulates gene expression in a variety of vascular cells. We investigated the effects of PPARalpha ligands on TGF-beta-induced beta3 and beta5 integrin expression and potential interaction between PPARalpha and TGF-beta signaling. PPARalpha ligands WY-14643 (100 micromol/L) and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetranoic acid (ETYA, 50 micromol/L) inhibited TGF-beta-induced beta5 integrin protein expression by 72+/-6.8% and 73+/-7.1%, respectively (both P<0.05). TGF-beta-stimulated beta3 integrin expression was not affected by PPARalpha ligands. Both PPARalpha ligands also suppressed TGF-beta-induced beta5 integrin mRNA levels. PPARalpha ligands inhibited TGF-beta-inducible transcription of beta5 integrin by an interaction with a TGF-beta response element between nucleotides -63 and -44, which contains a Sp1/Sp3 transcription factor binding site. Nuclear complexes binding to the TGF-beta response region contained Sp1/Sp3 and TGF-beta-regulated Smad 2, 3, and 4 transcription factors. TGF-beta-stimulated Sp1/Smad4 nuclear complex formation was inhibited by WY-14643 and ETYA with a parallel induction of PPARalpha/Smad4 interactions. However, in vitro pull-down experiments failed to demonstrate direct binding between PPARalpha/Smad4. Both PPARalpha ligands blocked PDGF-directed migration of TGF-beta-pretreated VSMCs, a process mediated, in part, by beta5 integrins. The present study demonstrates that PPARalpha activators inhibit TGF-beta-induced beta5 integrin transcription in VSMCs through a novel indirect interaction between ligand-activated PPARalpha and the TGF-beta-regulated Smad4 transcription factors.
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