| 1. |
- Daly, Aoife, et al.
(författare)
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UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 2 and Discrimination on the Basis of Childhood : The CRC Paradox?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of International Law. - : Brill. - 0902-7351 .- 1571-8107. ; 91:3, s. 419-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The crc as an instrument calls attention to children as a group. Yet paradoxically it has not resulted in explicit consideration of discrimination against children on the basis of childhood (i.e. detrimental treatment for being young/under 18) in the same way that has happened for other groups like women and ethnic minorities in instruments drafted specifically for their rights. Children are more likely to suffer poverty and violence than adults, and under-18s are largely excluded from national legislation prohibiting unfair discrimination. In this article the jurisprudence of the Committee on the Rights of the Child is examined and it is established that even though child-specific discriminatory practices such as corporal punishment are criticised by the Committee, they are seldom labelled ‘discrimination’ as such. The Committee reserves consideration of Article 2, which enshrines the principle of non-discrimination, for traditionally disadvantaged groups of children such as girls and ethnic minorities. It is concluded that Article 2 has great potential for drawing attention to detrimental treatment for being young/under 18, but that the phenomenon must be more explicitly referenced with greater frequency in law, practice, and scholarship.
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| 2. |
- Holappa, Tim, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Barns villkorade rätt till skälig levnadsstandard : – om rättsligt osynliggörande av barn i ärenden om ekonomiskt bistånd
- 2022
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Ingår i: Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift. - 0015-8585. ; 2022:2, s. 239-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Barn har enligt barnkonventionen och flera andra rättsakter rätt till skälig levnadsstandard. Trots detta och att Sverige är ett av världens rikaste länder är tyvärr barnfattigdom ett problem även här. Mot denna bakgrund ställs i artikeln frågor om vad barns rätt till skälig levnadsstandard egentligen betyder och om det finns rättsliga problem som kan förhindra förverkligandet av denna rättighet för alla barn i Sverige idag. Genom att analysera barns rätt till skälig levnadsstandard och regleringen av det yttersta skyddsnätet ur ett kritiskt rättsvetenskapligt perspektiv, är syftet i denna artikel att avtäcka underliggande antaganden och villkor som begränsar möjligheterna att förverkliga alla barns rättigheter. Vår analys visar att det finns problematiska aspekter i såväl barnkonventionen som den svenska nationella regleringen som innebär ett ”tyst” accepterande av att vissa barns rätt till skälig levnadsstandard inte tillförsäkras i ett av världens rikaste länder.
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| 3. |
- Holappa, Tim, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Child Rights without Substance? – Swedish Public Welfare and the Invisibility of Children in Economic Support Cases
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Rights of the Child. - Leiden : Brill Nijhoff. - 9789004511163 - 9789004511156 ; , s. 34-57
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combating poverty has been a central aspect in the building of the Swedish welfare state and the focus today is on different types of support to families with children. Both the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and other legal instruments clearly state that a child has the right to an adequate standard of living. Despite this, and the fact that Sweden is one of the wealthiest countries in the world, child poverty is still a problem. Against this background it is natural to pose questions of what a child’s right to an adequate standard of living actually means, and whether there are legal explanations for why these rights are not realized and fulfilled in Sweden today. In this chapter children’s right to adequate standard of living and the regulations for the outermost social safety net are analyzed from a critical legal perspective. The objective is to highlight underlying assumptions and conditions that limit the possibilities to effect children’s rights, and which might even give rise to a silent acceptance of the fact that certain children are poor in one of the world’s richest countries. The analysis demonstrates challenging aspects in both the CRC and the Swedish national legal regulations that may be contributing to child poverty in Sweden today. The regulations create layers of problematic basic assumptions and conditions that risk rendering invisible children’s specific needs and rights. This occurs first with the premise that children’s rights are primarily invoked by the parents, who must apply for and accept economic support, but also distribute the resources received in a manner that benefits their children. A second problematic layer is the fact that support can be made conditional through certain requirements imposed on the parents that can be both unreasonable and disproportional from a child perspective. There are no self-evident solutions to the identified problems, but one thing is certain – the current legal structures do not create reasonable and equal living conditions for all children in Sweden today and there is a need for clarifications on what the right to an adequate standard of living for children are supposed to mean in Sweden today.
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| 4. |
- Holappa, Tim, 1989-
(författare)
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Rätten till bostad i det sociala skyddsnätet : En rättsvetenskaplig studie om enskildas rättigheter och det allmännas ansvar
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The right to housing is a human right expressed in the Swedish constitution as well as in international human rights conventions. In Sweden, however, the right to housing is not expressed as an enforceable right that individuals can request to have realised by public authorities or courts. Instead, the objective of the Swedish housing policy and the regulation on the right to housing has been that everyone should be able to demand good housing on the general housing market.The purpose of this thesis is to examine and analyse the legal responsibility of the central and local government to realise the right to housing for individuals who cannot arrange housing themselves. The intention is that the thesis thereby will uncover legal contradictions, ambiguities or other shortcomings that may lead to a risk that the right to housing is not realised for everyone.Methodologically, the starting point is a view of law, inspired primarily by Kaarlo Tuori’s theory on critical legal positivism, as consisting of two dimensions. In addition to a normative legal order, law also consists of legal practices. The legal order, in turn, is regarded as a multi-layered normative order: in addition to the surface level with individual legal rules, the legal order also consists of deeper levels where legal elements such as general legal principles and human rights as general normative ideas are found.The responsibility to realise the right to housing is analysed in the light of international law as well as national law. According to international law, Sweden has a responsibility to recognize and realise the right to housing for everyone. According to national law, no public authority has a clear responsibility to realise the right to housing for individuals in need. Instead, the right to housing is to be realised through several different legal frameworks that are analysed in the thesis. Firstly the right to financial housing support within the framework of social insurance. Secondly municipalities’ responsibility for housing provision. Thirdly the local social services ultimate responsibility to support individuals in need. The overall conclusion of the thesis is that the legal framework regarding the responsibility of the central and local government to realise the right to housing for those who cannot arrange housing themselves does not constitute a coherent social safety net. The support that individuals who are unable to acquire housing themselves are entitled to has the nature of emergency assistance and shelter, rather than housing of a long-term nature. Furthermore, assistance in the form of housing is often time-limited and subject to far-reaching requirements that individuals, for example, must try to acquire a home on their own. The regulation thus means that individuals who need housing and cannot arrange housing themselves risk being without state support. This is problematic if the right to housing is to be realised for everyone. How these problems are to be solved is a matter for the legislator, but this thesis contributes with knowledge of legal problems that the legal regulation entails. These problems should be addressed and the right to housing taken seriously, by all the actors involved, if the right to housing is to be realised.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Leviner, Pernilla, 1973-
(författare)
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Barns rätt till delaktighet
- 2020
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Ingår i: Barnkonventionen i praktiken. - Stockholm : Norstedts Juridik AB. - 9789139022015
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Leviner, Pernilla, 1973-
(författare)
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Barns rättigheter i 2020-talets Sverige : ansvar, utmaningar och möjligheter efter barnkonventionens inkorporering
- 2024
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Ingår i: Förvaltningsrättslig Tidskrift. - Stockholm. - 0015-8585. ; 1, s. 21-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sedan januari 2020 gäller FN:s barnkonvention som svensk lag. Inkorporeringenföregicks av diskussion och debatt där olika synsätt på nödvändighetenoch lämpligheten med att göra konventionen till svensk lag fördes fram.I förarbeten till inkorporeringslagen tydliggjordes att stort ansvar lades pådomstolar och andra rättstillämpare att uttolka vad barnkonventionen somsvensk lag ska betyda och innebära i enskilda fall. Samtidigt betonades attfortsatt transformering, dvs. reformer av svensk rätt, troligen skulle kommaatt behövas för att leva upp till konventionen. De som förespråkade inkorporeringenmenade att barns rättigheter skulle komma att stärkas, medan desom var skeptiska och kritiska menade att konventionen inte är konstrueradför direkt tillämplighet och att inkorporering skulle behöva åtföljas av tydligvägledning till rättstillämparen i olika situationer och kontexter.När några år nu har gått sedan den svenska barnkonventionslagen börjadegälla väcks frågan om hur det står till med barns rättigheter i 2020-taletsSverige? Stärktes barns rättigheter? Har domstolar givit auktoritativa beskedom hur konventionen ska tolkas och tillämpas och har lagstiftaren tagitsitt ansvar för fortsatt transformering? Detta är frågor som denna artikelbehandlar genom några nedslag i rättstillämpning och lagstiftningsinitiativ.Syftet är ytterst att diskutera vilka utmaningar som finns i att realisera ochrespektera barns rättigheter samt vilken roll politik och juridik spelar ochvilket ansvar olika aktörer – lagstiftaren, domstolar och andra rättstillämparepå olika nivåer – har och borde ta i att förverkliga konventionen. Avstamp tasi vad inkorporeringen av barnkonventionen inneburit rent rättsligt, varefteren analys följer om vad åtgärden kan sägas ha medfört mer konkret, dvs.vad som hänt (och inte) i rättstillämpning och lagstiftning. Artikeln avslutasmed en diskussion om utmaningar med att förverkliga barnkonventionenefter inkorporeringen, inklusive relationen mellan juridik och politik, menockså möjligheter. Här diskuteras vilken roll (barn) rättsvetenskapen kanspela för att barns rättigheter ska respekteras och realiseras.
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