| 1. |
- Heijerick, D. G., et al.
(författare)
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Bioavailability of zinc in runoff water from roofing materials
- 2002
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 47:10, s. 1073-1080
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corrosion and runoff from zinc-coated materials and outdoor structures is an important source for the dispersion of zinc in the environment. Being part of a large inter-disciplinary research project, this study presents the bioavailability of zinc in runoff water immediately after release from the surface of 15 different commercially available zinc-based materials exposed to the urban environment of Stockholm, Sweden. Runoff water was analysed chemically and evaluated for its possible environmental impact, using both a biosensor test with the bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus (Biomet(R)) and the conventional 72 h growth inhibition test with the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Chemical speciation modelling revealed that most zinc (94.3-99.9%) was present as the free Zn ion, the most bioavailable speciation form. These findings were confirmed by the results of the biosensor test (Biomet(R)) which indicated that all zinc was indeed bioavailable. Analysis of the ecotoxicity data also suggested that the observed toxic effects were due to the presence of Zn2+ ions. Finally, regression analysis showed that, for this type of runoff samples, the rapid screening biosensor was capable of predicting (a) the total amount of zinc present in the runoff samples (R-2 of 0.93-0.98; p < 0.05) and (b) the observed 72 h-EbC(50)s (R-2 of 0.69-0.97; p < 0.05).
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Femenia, M., et al.
(författare)
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Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy for characterization of duplex stainless steels
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 150:6, s. B274-B281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the Volta potential distribution over the surface of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) has been mapped for the first time with submicrometer resolution by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). The different magnetic properties of ferrite and austenite enable the utilization of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) for visualizing their surface distribution without the need of surface etching. The combined MFM and SKPFM mapping of the same area makes it possible to associate the variation in the Volta potential to the phase distribution and phase boundaries. The difference in potential between the two phases is measurable and significant. Generally, the ferrite phase was associated to regions of lower potential, and the austenite phase to regions of more noble potential. This can be regarded as direct evidence of galvanic interactions between the two phases. The phase boundary regions often exhibited a lower potential in the ferrite phase, indicating a higher tendency to corrosion. The high lateral resolution of SKPFM provides the possibility of comparing these results with those obtained from other localized techniques, a necessary step for a deeper understanding of the local corrosion processes in DSSs.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Karlén, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Runoff rates and ecotoxicity of zinc induced by atmospheric corrosion
- 2001
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 277:1-3, s. 169-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Initiated by regulatory restrictions on the use of zinc for various building and construction applications, together with a lack of knowledge related to the release of zinc induced by atmospheric corrosion, a major interdisciplinary research project was implemented to generate data to be used in future risk assessment. Runoff rates from a large number of commercially available zinc-based materials have been determined on panels inclined 45 degrees from the horizon, facing south, during a 1-year atmospheric exposure in an urban environment in Sweden. Possible environmental effects of runoff water immediately after leaving the surface of the various materials have been evaluated during two different sampling periods of varying season and zinc concentration, using the standard growth inhibition test with algae, Raphidocelis subcapitata (formerly Selenastnim capricornutum), Zinc-specific biosensors with the bacterial strain of Alcaligenes cutrophus. and computer modeling using the water-ligand model MINTEQA2 and the humic aquatic model WHAM, have been used to assess the bioavailability and chemical speciation of zinc in the runoff water. An excellent consistency between the different methods was observed. The results show considerably lower runoff rates of zinc (0.07-3.5 gm(-2) year(-1)) than previously being used for regulatory restrictions, and the concentration of zinc to be predominantly responsible for the observed toxicity of the runoff water towards the green algae. The majority of the released zinc quantity was found to be present as free hydrated zinc ions and, hence, bioavailable. The data do not consider changes in bioavailability and chemical speciation or dilution effects during entry into the environment. and should therefore only be used as an initial assessment of the potential environmental effect of zinc runoff from building applications. This interdisciplinary approach has the potential for studies on the environmental fate of zinc in soil or aquatic systems.
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| 7. |
- Karlen, C., et al.
(författare)
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Runoff rates, chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper released from naturally patinated copper
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 120:3, s. 691-700
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The release of copper, induced by atmospheric corrosion, from naturally patinated copper of varying age (0 and 30 years) has been investigated together with its potential ecotoxic effect. Results were generated in an interdisciplinary research effort in which corrosion science and ecotoxicology aspects were combined. The aim of the investigation was to elucidate the situation when copper-containing rainwater leaves a roof in terms of runoff rate, chemical speciation, bioavailability and ecotoxicity effects. Data have been collected during a three-year field exposure conducted in the urban environment of Stockholm, Sweden. The potential environmental effects have been evaluated using a combination of a copper specific biosensor test with the bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus and the conventional 72-h growth inhibition test with the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. The results show annual runoff rates between 1.0 and 1.5 g/m(2) year for naturally patinated copper of varying age. The runoff rate increased slightly with patina age, which mainly is attributed to the enhanced first flush effect observed on thicker patina layers. The total copper concentration in investigated runoff samplings ranged from 0.9 to 9.7 mg/l. Both computer modeling and experimental studies revealed that the majority (60-100%) of released copper was present as the free hydrated cupric ion, Cu(H2O)(6)(2+), the most bioavailable copper species. However, other copper species in the runoff water, such as, e.g. Cu(OH)(+) and CU2(OH)(2)(2+), were also bioavailable. The copper-containing runoff water, sampled directly after release from the roof, caused significant reduction in growth rate of the green alga. It should be emphasized that the results describe the runoff situation immediately after release from the copper roof and not the real environmental ecotoxicity. Therefore the data should only be used as an initial assessment of the potential environmental effect of copper runoff from building applications. Future risk assessments should also consider dilution effects of copper, changes in its chemical speciation and bioavailability during environmental entry, and type and sensitivity of the receiving ecosystem.
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| 8. |
- Kleber, C., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of the early stages of corrosion of copper and iron investigated by in situ TM-AFM
- 2002
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 193:1-4, s. 245-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) was used for the investigation of the early stages of atmospheric corrosion of pure copper and pure iron. The information obtained by this method is the change of the topography of the sample surfaces with emphasis on the. shape and lateral distribution of the corrosion products grown within the first 1300 min of weathering. Investigations were carried out in synthetic air at 80 and 90% relative humidity (RH) with additions of 250 ppb SO2 and 250 ppb NO2. On a polished copper surface the growth of corrosion products could be observed already at 80% RH and 250 ppb SO2, whereas an iron surface had to be exposed to 90% RH with 250 ppb SO2 and 250 ppb NO, to produce detectable changes on the surface.
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| 9. |
- Weissenrieder, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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In situ studies of sulfate nest formation on iron
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 151:9, s. B497-B504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Initial SO2-induced atmospheric corrosion of iron has been followed in situ by three highly surface sensitive and complementary techniques, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, and atomic force microscopy. The resulting corrosion attack was local in nature and resembled what are called sulfate nests, frequently observed on steel naturally exposed outdoors. The conclusions drawn challenge the established model for the formation and growth of sulfate nests: SO2 alone in humid air is not a sufficient prerequisite for sulfate nest formation. Only when an oxidant such as NO2 or O-3 is added to the corrosive atmosphere, can sulfate nests be detected. The conditions and formation of sulfate nests and other forms of local corrosion attacks are discussed in view of all in situ observations generated.
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