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- Lignell, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
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Kompletterande mätningar av syntetiska myskföreningar i bröstmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala, 1996-2003.
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Synthetic musks have a widespread use as a substitute for natural musks in fragrances, and can be found in a number of consumer products such as laundry detergents, cleaning agents and cosmetic products (soaps, perfumes etc.). The most frequently used synthetic musks belong to the nitro musks (e.g. musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK)) and to the polycyclic musks (e.g. HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATII, AHDI) (Figure 1). Because of their high lipofility and chemical stability, musk compounds can be expected to accumulate in the human body, and it is important to investigate their occurrence in human milk. For risk assessment purposes, the Swedish NFA (National Food Administration) has made recurrent measurements of levels of selected persistent organic pollutants (POP) (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, persistent pesticides and flame retardants) in human breast milk. The ambition is to follow changes in the levels of these environmental contaminants in human breast milk and to establish a time trend. The aim is also to evaluate possible health risks for the mother and in particular for the breastfed infant. The first sampling of breast milk performed by the NFA occurred in Uppsala County in 1996-1999. About 300 primiparae participated in this large study that to some parts was financially supported by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The second sampling was performed in Uppsala in 2000-2001 (n=31) and the third sampling in Uppsala in 2002- 2003 (n=31). A new sampling (2004-2005) is in progress. The investigations in 2000-2001, 2002-2003 and 2004-2005 have partly been financed by the Swedish EPA. Earlier (in 1999-2000 and 2002), 44 randomly selected breast milk samples from the monitoring of environmental contaminants have been analysed for synthetic musk compounds. The results presented in Eriksson et al. (2003) indicated that the levels of HHCB, AHTN and MX decreased from 1998 to 2001. The investigation also pointed to the possibility of a relationship between perfume exposure from cosmetics and detergents, and musk levels in breast milk. During 2003, 80 additional breast milk samples have been analysed for synthetic musk compounds. In this report results from the earlier (2002) and the latest (2003) analyses of nitro musks (MX, MK) and polycyclic musks (HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATII, AHDI) are presented. Results from the analysis in 1999-2000 have been excluded since the later analyses are of better quality. The total number of samples analysed in 2002 and 2003 is 101. The possible time trend and the possible relationship with use of perfumed products are investigated as well as relationships between musk levels and lifestyle factors such as age and body mass index (BMI). The analyses of musk compounds in breast milk and the compilation of data was financed by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
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| 2. |
- Lignell, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
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Persistenta organiska miljöföroreningar i bröstmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala, 2002-2003
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For risk assessment purposes, the Swedish National Food Administration has made recurrent measurements of levels of selected persistent organic pollutants (POP), chiefly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and persistent pesticides, in human breast milk. Also polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and HBCD (hexabromocyclododecane), ubiquitously used flame retardants, have been added to this list because of results suggesting the PBDE group as candidate for a new environmental hazard. The ambition is to follow changes in the levels of these environmental contaminants in human breast milk and to establish a time trend. The aim is also to evaluate possible health risks for the mother and in particular for the breastfed infant. The first sampling of breast milk took part in Uppsala County in 1996-1998. About 300 primiparae participated in this large study that to some parts was financially supported by the Swedish EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The second sampling took part in Uppsala in 2000-2001 (N=31) and the third sampling was performed in Uppsala in 2002-2003 (N=31). The investigations in 2000-2001 and 2002-2003 were partly financed by the Swedish EPA. Possible regional trends are also going to be investigated by sampling of breast milk from different parts of Sweden. Samples have been obtained from Gothenburg mothers and sampling activities are proceeding in Lund (southern Sweden) and Lycksele (northern Sweden), also financially supported by the Swedish EPA. The following report summarises results from the sampling carried out in Uppsala in 2002-2003.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Lignell, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
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Polyklorerade bifenyler och klorerade bekämpningsmedel/metaboliter i bröstmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala, tidstrend 1996-2003
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under perioden 1996-2003 har Livsmedelsverket samlat in bröstmjölk från förstföderkor i Uppsala län. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om halten av vissa polyklorerade bifenyler (PCBer) och klorerade bekämpningmedel/metaboliter förändrats med tiden. Eftersom livsmedel är den stora källan till mödrarnas halter av PCBer och bekämpningsmedel/metaboliter kommer resultaten också att utnyttjas vid riskvärdering av miljöföroreningar i livsmedel, samt vid riskvärdering av spädbarns exponering under fosterstadiet och amning. Mellan åren 1996 och 2003 minskade medianhalten av PCB (CB 28, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 167, 180), hexaklorbensen (HCB), -hexaklorocyklohexan (-HCH), trans-nonaklor, oxyklordan, p,p’-DDT och p,p´-DDE med 5-14% per år. Minskningen var långsammast för vissa PCB-föreningar och snabbast för DDT-föreningar. En jämförelse av halveringtid för PCB-halterna i bröstmjölk mellan Uppsala-studien och en tidigare studie från Stockholm (1972-1997), visar att de uppskattade halveringtiderna är kortare i Uppsala än i Stockholm. De längre halveringstiderna i Stockholm beror troligen framförallt på att man i denna studie inte tagit hänsyn till en ökande medelålder bland kvinnorna som donerade mjölk mellan 1972 och 1997.
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