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- Pfaller, M.A., et al.
(författare)
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Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice : Global-trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida
- 2004
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Ingår i: Clinical Microbiology and Infection. - : Elsevier BV. - 1198-743X .- 1469-0691. ; 10:SUPPL. 1, s. 11-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We determined the species distribution and in-vitro susceptibility of 6082 bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates of Candida spp. collected from 250 medical centres in 32 nations over a 10-year period from 1992 through 2001. The species included 3401 C. albicans, 984 C. glabrata, 796 C. parapsilosis, 585 C. tropicalis, 153 C. krusei, 67 C. lusitaniae, 48 C. guilliermondii, 10 C. famata, 10 C. kefyr, six C. pelliculosa, five C. rugosa, four C. lipolytica, three C. dubliniensis, three C. inconspicua, two C. sake and one isolate each of C. lambica, C. norvegensis and C. zeylanoides. Minimum inhibitory concentration determinations were made using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference broth microdilution method. Variation in the rank order and frequency of the different species of Candida was observed over time and by geographic area. The proportion of BSI due to C. albicans and C. glabrata increased and C. parapsilosis decreased over time in Canada, the USA and Europe. C. glabrata was an infrequent cause of BSI in Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region. Very little variation in fluconazole susceptibility was observed among isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. These species accounted for 78% of all BSI and remained highly susceptible (91-100% susceptible) to fluconazole from 1992 to 2001 irrespective of geographic origin. The prevalence of fluconazole resistance among C. glabrata isolates was variable both over time and among the various countries and regions. Resistance to fluconazole among C. glabrata isolates was greatest in the USA and varied by US census region (range 0-23%). These observations are generally encouraging relative to the sustained usefulness of fluconazole as a systemically active antifungal agent for the treatment of candida BSI. © 2004 Copyright by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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| 2. |
- Croot, P. L., et al.
(författare)
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Trace metal/phytoplankton interactions in the Skagerrak
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Systems. - 0924-7963. ; 35:1-2, s. 39-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Algal community species composition, as estimated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) pigments and microscopy analysis, and trace metal speciation (Cu and Co) and distributions (Fe, Zn, Co and Cu) were measured along a summer transect across the Skagerrak. In waters of Baltic origin, with elevated trace metals levels, but very low macronutrients, a mix of dinoflagellates and haptophytes dominated the low biomass. In the Jutland current, which had high dissolved iron concentrations, a mixed bloom (4-6 mug/l chl a) of diatoms (major species-Leptocylindricus danica) and dinoflagellates (Ceratium sp.) was present. In the waters of the central Skagerrak derived from the North Sea, below the low salinity Baltic water, a large diatom (major species-L. danica) bloom (7.7 mug/l) was present at 35 in. This bloom formed below the pycnocline. and was located at the nutricline for silicate. The lowest concentrations of trace metals were found in the water of North Sea origin. Synechocoecus-like cyanobacteria were observed in the upper waters across the survey area, as were strong binding ligands for Cu, but no clear numerical relationship existed between them, as had been observed by Moffett [Deep-Sea Res. 42 (1995) 1273]m the Sargasso Sea. The [Co]/[Zn] hypothesis of Sunda and Huntsman [Limnol. Oceanogr, 40 (1995) 1404] for coccolithophorids and diatoms was examined using the field data collected. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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