| 1. |
- Behndig, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Aqueous humor lidocaine concentrations in topical and intracameral anesthesia
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of cataract and refractive surgery. - 0886-3350 .- 1873-4502. ; 24:12, s. 1546-1647
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To assess aqueous humor lidocaine concentrations in 2 common regimens of topical anesthesia and after intracameral injection of the anesthetic agent. SETTING: University hospital eye clinic. METHODS: Twenty patients having routine cataract surgery were randomized into 3 groups: 1 given 3 drops of lidocaine 4% before surgery; 1 given 6 drops; 1 given 3 drops plus an intracameral injection of 0.1 mL lidocaine 1%. Lidocaine concentration was measured in aqueous humor samples taken before surgery. RESULTS: With 3 drops, aqueous lidocaine concentration was 1.4 micrograms/mL +/- 0.5 (SD) and with 6 drops, 4.3 +/- 1.5 micrograms/mL (P = .0015). With an intracameral injection, it was 341.8 +/- 152.6 micrograms/mL. CONCLUSION: Measurable amounts of lidocaine entered the anterior chamber in topical anesthesia, and more entered when more drops were given. It is likely that concentrations in this range could anesthetize the iris, but they are far lower than concentrations after an intracameral injection.
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| 3. |
- Laan, Martti, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Increased levels of interleukin-16 in the airways of tobacco smokers: relationship with peripheral blood T lymphocytes
- 1999
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Ingår i: Thorax. - 0040-6376. ; 54:10, s. 911-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The mechanisms behind the development of systemic immunomodulation among tobacco smokers are not fully understood, but several studies have indicated a role for CD8+ and/or CD4+ T cells. Interleukin (IL)-16, a cytokine released from inflammatory cells as well as bronchial epithelial cells, can recruit and activate CD4+ T cells. A study was undertaken to establish whether the IL-16 level is increased in the airways of tobacco smokers and to determine whether airway levels of IL-16 are related to the number and function of systemic T lymphocytes. METHODS: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected from eight never smokers and 18 tobacco smokers without clinical airway symptoms, and from 16 tobacco smokers with clinical airway symptoms. Interleukin-16 protein levels in BAL fluid were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peripheral blood was collected for determination of CD4+ T cell content using flow cytometry. The responsiveness of systemic lymphocytes in smokers was assessed by measuring the proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to the superantigen staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA). RESULTS: The IL-16 protein level in the BAL fluid was significantly higher in tobacco smokers than in non-smokers. However, among tobacco smokers the IL-16 level was similar in asymptomatic smokers and in those with airway symptoms. The level of IL-16 in the BAL fluid of smokers correlated negatively with the percentage of CD4+ T cells and positively with superantigen stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS: In tobacco smokers the airway IL-16 level is increased and it is possible that this increase in IL-16 influences systemic immunomodulation by altering the number and responsiveness of systemic T lymphocytes.
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| 5. |
- Lindén, Anna-Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Sociological Aspects on Man, Value Orientation and Sustainable Development
- 1997
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Ingår i: Science, Ethics, Sustainability.. - 9155441076 ; , s. 41-50
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this chapter is to tenatively discuss a sociological perspective on the relations between man, value orientation, behavioral orientation and sustainable development. Sociologists often get questions about the stability and development of values and willingness to change behavior in a direction which is more favorable to the environment. There are lots of problems with such questions. The first problem is the lack of tradition in the study of relations between man and nature. The second problem is the problem with time series analysis of values. The third problem has to do with structural aspects in comparative analysis. The problems are discussed in three sections namely the relation between man and nature as a value orientation dimension, the relation between man and society as a behavioral dimension, and a two dimensional typology of the relations between value orientation, behavioral orientation and sustainable development.
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| 6. |
- Lindén, Anna-Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Values of Nature in Every-day Life: Words versus Action in Ecological Behaviour
- 1998
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Ingår i: SUSTAINABILITY. The Challenge. People, power and the environment.. - 1551641216 ; , s. 34-41
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the chapter is to present aspects of generation and gender in relation to ecological behaviour in Sweden. Past studies have compared age groups, sexes or some other classified groups in relation to attitudes and behaviour. The studies present an empirical overview. To get a deeper understanding of attitudes and behaviour we are in need of theoretical renewal with references to both classical and modern sociological theory. A way to go is to focus on value orientation instead of attitudes and to focus on the behavioural dimension of individualism-collectivism instead of specified definitions of ecological behaviour. Values stress perspectives of ethics and morals on environmental problems. The effects of a problem can to some extent by a person be judged as favorable or unfavorable either to individuals or society. It seems as if culture bound experiences during the socialisation processes are important in understanding differences between sexes and generations in aspects of value orientation and ecological behaviour. The discussion ends in a typology of actors, namely the egoistic exploiter, the egoistic conservationist, the collectivistic conservationist, the collectivistic exploiter.
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