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- Jönsson, Linda, 1950-
(författare)
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On being heard in court trials and police interrogations : A study of discourse in two institutional contexts
- 1988
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present studies describe various aspects of the dialogues in two institutional situations, namely criminal court trials and preliminary police interrogations. Both situations are social encounters where professional representatives of an official institution meet and communicate with laymen, suspects and defendants, who are the subject of the institutions' functions. The professionals' knowledge of the institutional 'frames' and of the specific demands of the situations is only to a limited degree shared by the suspects and defendants. This makes for various problems in the communication between the parties of the dialogues. The professionals necessarily play a dominant role in the encounter and the suspects' and defendants' opportunities to make themselves heardare thereby limited. This problem, and the ways the actors cope with it, is the main topic of the research reported in the three separate parts of this work.The empirical data comprise tape-recordings of 40 criminal court trials, concerning minor thefts and fraud, and 30 police interrogations of suspects in the same types of cases. Supplementary data are interviews with the suspects and defendants. The taperecordings of the court trials and the police interrogations, as weil as the interviews, have been transcribed in extenso.The first empirical part is a mainly quantitative study. The court trial is analysed as a middle ground where the professionals and the defendants accommodate to each others' verbal styles. The professionals are found to change to a less complex style when speaking to the defendants (in the examination-phase of the trial) campared to the way they express themselves when addressing the court. Professionals are even found toaccommodate to the linguistic styles of individual defendants. The defendants, on the other hand, adjust their vocabulary by exhibiting less of colloquial jargon in court than in the more informal post-interviews. The seeond empirical part focuses on how the discourse space is shared between the professionals and the defendants during the court trial. The quantitative part of the study measures the actors' contributions to the dialogues in terms of different types of initiatives and responses. Also the effects of various questioning strategies are investigated. The defendants are not very active during the trials and one finding is thatthe distribution of dominance is related to the severity of the offence.The third separate study concems various aspects of the police interrogations. These dialogues are quite firmly administered by the policemen, even if they leave more room for the suspects' initiatives than do the court trials. The dialogues are very much influenced by the policemen's task to write a report. The problem of transforminginformation from a spoken to a written version is an important topic of the study. Even if the reports could be regarded as the suspects' stories, the information is found to emanate from the policemen to a considetable degree. This is presented as a general problem ofinterpreting and passing on information in bureaueratic routines.
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- Jönsson, Linda, 1950-
(författare)
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Polisförhöret som kommunikationssituation
- 1988
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom ramen för projektet "Framgång och motgång i dialoger" (jfr Aronsson & Linell, 1985) har studier gjorts av kommunikationen mellan professionella och lekmän i bl a rättegångar, närmare bestämt handläggningen av vissa typer av brottmål. Första ledet i undersökningen har behandlat huvudförhandlingar vid domstol (tingsrätt) (se Aronsson m fl, 1987, Adelswärd m fl, 1987 och Adelswärd m fl, 1988) 1. Den föreliggande studien behandlar ett annat led i samma ärendegång, nämligen polisens förhör med den misstänkte som en del av förundersökningen inför ett eventuellt åtal.Arbetets syfte har varit att studera och beskriva kommunikationssituationer från kommunikationsteoretiska, samtalsanalytiska och sociolingvistiska utgångspunkter. Några primärt juridiska, kriminologiska eller rättssociologiska perspektiv har inte anlagts (även om arbetet kan ha relevans för rättssociologin, och vice versa).De olika delprojektens övergripande syfte har varit att studera dialoger med utgångspunkt i situationer där den ena parten i samtalet har en dominerande roll i kraft av högre utbildning och/eller större erfarenhet av situationen, dvs situationer där representanter för t ex en myndighet för en dialog med en lekman eller en representant"för allmänheten. Både rättegångsförhandlingama och polisförhören tillhör den nämnda typen av situationer och de har många gemensamma drag. De är båda led i brottmålsprocessen och styrs av de allmänna processprinciperna (jfr tex .Klette, 1976: 31-38). Dialogerna utgörs i båda fallen av en form av samtal där representanter för de rättskipande myndigheterna, genom att höra en enskild människa, försöker utreda och eventuellt fastställa dennes skuld i anslutning till ett begånget brott. Trots dessa principiella likheter fmns det naturligtvis stora skillnader mellan de båda situationerna och vissa jämförelser kan hjälpa till att belysa vad som är specifika förutsättningar för kommunikationen inom respektive situation.För en mera utförlig och systematisk genomgång av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna och en översikt över tidigare forskning inom området hänvisas till Jönsson (1988). Nedan följer en kortfattad redovisning av de huvudperspektiv utifrån vilka arbetet har bedrivits.
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- Pyykkö, I., et al.
(författare)
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The effects of TTS-scopolamine, dimenhydrinate, lidocaine, and tocainide on motion sickness, vertigo, and nystagmus
- 1985
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Ingår i: Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine. - 0095-6562. ; 56:8, s. 82-777
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of TTS-scopolamine, dimenhydrinate, lidocaine, and tocainide on motion sickness and vertigo and on caloric and postrotatory nystagmus were evaluated in healthy volunteers. TTS-scopolamine was administered transdermally (delivering approximately 10 micrograms X h-1 scopolamine base) and 100 mg dimenhydrinate orally. Lidocaine and tocainide were administered intravenously (average plasma concentration of lidocaine 6 mol X L-1 and of tocainide 20 mol X L-1). TTS-scopolamine and dimenhydrinate significantly reduced vertigo induced by calorization of the ears, nausea provoked with Coriolis maneuvre, and nystagmus in caloric and rotatory tests. During treatment with lidocaine and tocainide no alleviation of vertigo and nausea was observed. Caloric nystagmus was reduced but rotation induced nystagmus was virtually unchanged. Presumably the motion sickness drugs act at the brain stem where TTS-scopolamine and dimenhydrinate have their target cells in the vestibular nuclei. Furthermore, the alleviation of motion sickness was linked to a decline of nystagmus. Lidocaine and tocainide, the action of which in vertigo and nausea in patients is proposed to be on the vestibular end organs and the supratentorial brain structures, consistently failed to alleviate motion sickness.
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- Schirach-Szmigiel, Linda von, 1948-
(författare)
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Gibberellin-like substances in seeds during maturation, germination and dormancy release
- 1983
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study concerns the induced seed germination with a special reference to the activity of gibberellin-like substances in Phaseolus vulgaris L., Zea mays L. and Rosa rugosa L. In Phaseolus an attempt was made to examine to what extent the dwarfed character of cultivar Alabaster was caused by different gibberellin activity during seed maturation and germination as compared to the tall cultivar Erstling. It was also examined whether the endogenous gibberellin activity could be related to the breaking of dormancy in stratified changes of Rosa rugosa L.A similar activity of gibberellin-like substances was found during the maturation of both tall and dwarf Phaseolus seeds. The very high activity of free gibberellin-like substances in young seeds decreased during the whole maturation period and the final activity in mature seeds was lower compared to the activity in dehydrating seeds. It is suggested that the dwarfed character of the cultivar Alabaster can not be explained by either gibberellin deficiency or a high inhibitor level when compared with the tall cultivar Erstling.During the germination of Phaseolus (dwarf and tall) and Zea the activity of free gibberellin-like substances was further decreased, while the activity of conjugated gibberellin-like substances increased. It is assumed, that in mature seeds there are gibberellin-like substances which could be available for metabolic processes during imbibition and early germination. It is also suggested that the differences in the metabolism of gibberellins observed during germination is correlated with differences in seed constitution.Cold-stratification induced increased gibberellin-like activity in Rosa achenes. However, the dormancy of achenes was broken prior to the observed gibberellin increase. Therefore, it is suggested that gibberellins are not required for breakage of dormancy but for the germination. By warm-stratification the achenes remained dormant, probably because of the increasing inhibitor level.
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