| 1. |
- Bergström, A., et al.
(författare)
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Obesity and renal cell cancer : a quantitative review
- 2001
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - London, United Kingdom : Nature Publishing Group. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 85:7, s. 984-990
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among women, while the evidence for men is considered weaker. We conducted a quantitative summary analysis to evaluate the existing evidence that obesity increases the risk of renal cell cancer both among men and women. We identified all studies examining body weight in relation to kidney cancer, available in MEDLINE from 1966 to 1998. The quantitative summary analysis was limited to studies assessing obesity as body mass index (BMI, kg m(-2)), or equivalent. The risk estimates and the confidence intervals were extracted from the individual studies, and a mixed effect weighted regression model was used. We identified 22 unique studies on each sex, and the quantitative analysis included 14 studies on men and women, respectively. The summary relative risk estimate was 1.07 (95% CI 1.05-1.09) per unit of increase in BMI (corresponding to 3 kg body weight increase for a subject of average height). We found no evidence of effect modification by sex. Our quantitative summary shows that increased BMI is equally strongly associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer among men and women.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Aurora, P., et al.
(författare)
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Multiple breath inert gas washout as a measure of ventilation distribution in children with cystic fibrosis
- 2004
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Ingår i: Thorax. - : BMJ. - 0040-6376. ; 59:12, s. 1068-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Multiple breath inert gas washout (MBW) has been suggested as a tool for detecting early cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. A study was undertaken to compare the relative sensitivity of MBW and spirometry for detecting abnormal lung function in school age children with CF and to compare MBW results obtained from healthy children in the UK with those recently reported from Sweden. METHODS: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and maximal expiratory flow when 25% of forced vital capacity remains to be expired (MEF25) were compared with the lung clearance index (LCI) derived from sulphur hexafluoride MBW in 22 children with CF aged 6-16 years and in 33 healthy controls. RESULTS: LCI was higher in children with CF than in healthy controls (mean difference 5.1 (95% CI of difference 4.1 to 6.1) and FEV1 and MEF25 z-scores were lower (mean difference -2.3 (95% CI -2.9 to -1.7) and -1.8 (95% CI -2.4 to -1.3), respectively; p<0.001 for all). There was a significant negative correlation between LCI and FEV1 (r2 = 0.62) and MEF25 (r2 = 0.46). However, while normal (> or =-1.96 z-scores) FEV1 and MEF25 results were seen in 11 (50%) and 12 (53%) children with CF, respectively, all but one of these children had an abnormally increased LCI. LCI was repeatable in both groups (within subject CV for three measurements 6% for CF and 5% for healthy children). In healthy subjects LCI was independent of age and virtually identical in the British and Swedish children (mean difference 0.1 (95% CI -0.1 to 0.4), p = 0.38) CONCLUSIONS: MBW is reproducible between laboratories, generates normal ranges which are constant over childhood, and is more frequently abnormal than spirometry in children with CF.
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| 4. |
- Ejerblad, E., et al.
(författare)
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Association between smoking and chronic renal failure in a nationwide population-based case-control study
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. - Philadelphia, USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1046-6673 .- 1533-3450. ; 15:8, s. 2178-2185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For determining whether smoking is associated with an increased risk for chronic renal failure (CRF) overall and by type of renal disease, smoking data were analyzed from a nationwide population-based case-control study. Eligible as cases were native 18- to 74-yr-old Swedes whose serum creatinine for the first time and permanently exceeded 3.4 mg/dl (men) or 2.8 mg/dl (women). A total of 926 cases (78% of all eligible) and 998 control subjects (75% of 1330 randomly selected subjects from the source population), frequency matched to the cases by gender and age within 10 yr, were included. A face-to-face interview and a self-administered questionnaire provided information about smoking habits and other lifestyle factors. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (OR) as measures of relative risk for disease-specific types of CRF among smokers compared with never-smokers. Despite a modest and nonsignificant overall association, the risk increased with high daily doses (OR among smokers of >20 cigarettes/d, 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 2.15), long duration (OR among smokers for >40 yr, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.09), and a high cumulative dose (OR among smokers with >30 pack-years, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.14). Smoking increased risk most strongly for CRF classified as nephrosclerosis (OR among smokers with >20 pack-years, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.8), but significant positive associations were also noted with glomerulonephritis. This study thus suggests that heavy cigarette smoking increases the risk of CRF for both men and women, at least CRF classified as nephrosclerosis and glomerulonephritis.
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| 5. |
- Fored, C. M., et al.
(författare)
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Absence of association between organic solvent exposure and risk of chronic renal failure : a nationwide population-based case-control study
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. - Philadelphia, USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1046-6673 .- 1533-3450. ; 15:1, s. 180-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to organic solvents has been suggested to cause or exacerbate renal disease, but methodologic concerns regarding previous studies preclude firm conclusions. We examined the role of organic solvents in a population-based case-control study of early-stage chronic renal failure (CRF). All native Swedish residents aged 18 to 74 yr, living in Sweden between May 1996 and May 1998, formed the source population. Incident cases of CRF in a pre-uremic stage (n = 926) and control subjects (n = 998), randomly selected from the study base, underwent personal interviews that included a detailed occupational history. Expert rating by a certified occupational hygienist was used to assess organic solvent exposure intensity and duration. Relative risks were estimated by odds ratios (OR) in logistic regression models, with adjustment for potentially important covariates. The overall risk for CRF among subjects ever exposed to organic solvents was virtually identical to that among never-exposed (OR, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 1.25). No dose-response relationships were observed for lifetime cumulative solvent exposure, average dose, or exposure frequency or duration. The absence of association pertained to all subgroups of CRF: glomerulonephritis (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.34), diabetic nephropathy (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.41), renal vascular disease (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.75), and other renal CRF (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.27). The results from a nationwide, population-based study do not support the hypothesis of an adverse effect of organic solvents on CRF development, in general. Detrimental effects from subclasses of solvents or on specific renal diseases cannot be ruled out.
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| 6. |
- Fored, C. M., et al.
(författare)
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Acetaminophen, aspirin, and chronic renal failure
- 2001
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - Waltham, USA : Massachusetts Medical Society. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 345:25, s. 1801-1808
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Several epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between heavy consumption of nonnarcotic analgesics and the occurrence of chronic renal failure, but it is unclear which is the cause and which is the effect.Methods: In a nationwide, population-based, case-control study of early-stage chronic renal failure in Sweden, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 926 patients with newly diagnosed renal failure and 998 control subjects, of whom 918 and 980, respectively, had complete data. We used logistic-regression models to estimate the relative risks of disease-specific types of chronic renal failure associated with the use of various analgesics.Results: Aspirin and acetaminophen were used regularly by 37 percent and 25 percent, respectively, of the patients with renal failure and by 19 percent and 12 percent, respectively, of the controls. Regular use of either drug in the absence of the other was associated with an increase by a factor of 2.5 in the risk of chronic renal failure from any cause. The relative risks rose with increasing cumulative lifetime doses, rose more consistently with acetaminophen use than with aspirin use, and were increased for most disease-specific types of chronic renal failure. When we disregarded the recent use of analgesics, which could have occurred in response to antecedents of renal disease, the associations were only slightly attenuated.Conclusions: Our results are consistent with the existence of exacerbating effects of acetaminophen and aspirin on chronic renal failure. However, we cannot rule out the possibility of bias due to the triggering of analgesic consumption by predisposing conditions.
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| 7. |
- Fored, C. M., et al.
(författare)
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Socio-economic status and chronic renal failure : a population-based case-control study in Sweden
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press. - 0931-0509 .- 1460-2385. ; 18:1, s. 82-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Low socio-economic status is associated with the occurrence of several different chronic diseases, but evidence regarding renal disease is scant. To explore whether the risk of chronic renal failure varies by socio-economic status, we performed a population-based case-control study in Sweden.Methods: All native residents from May 1996 to May 1998, aged 18-74 years, formed the source population. Cases (n = 926) were incident patients with chronic renal failure in a pre-uraemic stage. Control subjects (n = 998) were randomly selected within the source population. Exposures were assessed at personal interviews and relative risks were estimated by odds ratios (OR) in logistic regression models, with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption and regular analgesics use. Results: In families with unskilled workers only, the risk of chronic renal failure was increased by 110% [OR = 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-4.0] and 60% (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.6) among women and men, respectively, relative to subjects living in families in which at least one member was a professional. Subjects with 9 years or less of schooling had a 30% (OR = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7) higher risk compared with those with a university education. The excess risk was of similar magnitude regardless of underlying renal disease.Conclusions: Low socio-economic status is associated with an increased risk of chronic renal failure. The moderate excess was not explained by age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol or analgesic intake. Thus, socio-economic status appears to be an independent risk indicator for chronic renal failure in Sweden.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lambe, M., et al.
(författare)
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Pregnancy and risk of renal cell cancer : a population-based study in Sweden
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - London, United Kingdom : Nature Publishing Group. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 86:9, s. 1425-1429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Epidemiological findings indicate that hormonal influences may play a role in the etiology of renal cell cancer (RCC). The possible effect of childbearing remains enigmatic; while some investigators have reported a positive association between number of births and renal cell cancer risk, others have not. A case-control study, nested within a nation-wide Fertility Register covering Swedish women born 1925 and later, was undertaken to explore possible associations between parity and age at first birth and the risk of renal cell cancer. Among these women a total of 1465 cases of RCC were identified in the Swedish Cancer Register between 1958 and 1992 and information on the number of live childbirths and age at each birth was obtained by linkage to the Fertility Database. For each case, five age-matched controls were randomly selected from the same register. Compared to nulliparous women, ever-parous women were at a 40% increased risk of RCC (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.42; 95% CI 1.19-1.69). The corresponding OR for women of high parity (five or more live births) was 1.91 (95% CI 1.40-2.62). After controlling for age at first birth among parous women, each additional birth was associated with a 15% increase in risk (OR=1.15; 95% CI 1.08-1.22). The observed positive association between parity and renal cell cancer risk is unlikely to be fully explained by uncontrolled confounding, but warrants further evaluation in large studies, with allowance for body mass index.
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| 10. |
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