| 1. |
- Palmer, Nicholette D, et al.
(författare)
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A genome-wide association search for type 2 diabetes genes in African Americans.
- 2012
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Ingår i: PloS one. - San Francisco : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:1, s. e29202-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- African Americans are disproportionately affected by type 2 diabetes (T2DM) yet few studies have examined T2DM using genome-wide association approaches in this ethnicity. The aim of this study was to identify genes associated with T2DM in the African American population. We performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) using the Affymetrix 6.0 array in 965 African-American cases with T2DM and end-stage renal disease (T2DM-ESRD) and 1029 population-based controls. The most significant SNPs (n = 550 independent loci) were genotyped in a replication cohort and 122 SNPs (n = 98 independent loci) were further tested through genotyping three additional validation cohorts followed by meta-analysis in all five cohorts totaling 3,132 cases and 3,317 controls. Twelve SNPs had evidence of association in the GWAS (P<0.0071), were directionally consistent in the Replication cohort and were associated with T2DM in subjects without nephropathy (P<0.05). Meta-analysis in all cases and controls revealed a single SNP reaching genome-wide significance (P<2.5×10(-8)). SNP rs7560163 (P = 7.0×10(-9), OR (95% CI) = 0.75 (0.67-0.84)) is located intergenically between RND3 and RBM43. Four additional loci (rs7542900, rs4659485, rs2722769 and rs7107217) were associated with T2DM (P<0.05) and reached more nominal levels of significance (P<2.5×10(-5)) in the overall analysis and may represent novel loci that contribute to T2DM. We have identified novel T2DM-susceptibility variants in the African-American population. Notably, T2DM risk was associated with the major allele and implies an interesting genetic architecture in this population. These results suggest that multiple loci underlie T2DM susceptibility in the African-American population and that these loci are distinct from those identified in other ethnic populations.
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| 2. |
- Aittamaa, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Uniform scheduling of internal and external events under SRP-EDF
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annual International Conference on Real-Time and Embedded Systems ( RTES 2010).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the growing complexity of modern embedded real-time systems, scheduling and managing of resources has become a daunting task. While scheduling and resource management for internal events can be simplified by adopting a commonplace real-time operating system (RTOS), scheduling and resource management for external events are left in the hands of the programmer, not to mention managing resources across the boundaries of external and internal events. In this paper we propose a unified system view incorporating earliest deadline first (EDF) for scheduling and stack resource policy (SRP) for resource management. From an embedded real-time system view, EDF+SRP is attractive not only because stack usage can be minimized, but also because the cost of a pre-emption becomes almost as cheap as a regular function call, and the number of preemptions is kept to a minimum. SRP+EDF also lifts the burden of manual resource management from the programmer and incorporates it into the scheduler. Furthermore, we show the efficiency of the SRP+EDF scheme, the intuitiveness of the programming model (in terms of reactive programming), and the simplicity of the implementation.
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| 3. |
- Chan, Simon S. M., et al.
(författare)
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Body Mass Index and the Risk for Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis : Data From a European Prospective Cohort Study (The IBD in EPIC Study)
- 2013
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Ingår i: American Journal of Gastroenterology. - New York, NY, USA : Nature Publishing Group. - 0002-9270 .- 1572-0241. ; 108:4, s. 575-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Obesity is associated with a proinflammatory state that may be involved in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), for which there are plausible biological mechanisms. Our aim was to perform the first prospective cohort study investigating if there is an association between obesity and the development of incident IBD. METHODS: A total of 300,724 participants were recruited into the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. At recruitment, anthropometric measurements of height and weight plus physical activity and total energy intake from validated questionnaires were recorded. The cohort was monitored identifying participants who developed either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). Each case was matched with four controls and conditional logistic regression used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for body mass index (BMI) adjusted for smoking, energy intake, and physical activity. RESULTS: In the cohort, 177 participants developed incident UC and 75 participants developed incident CD. There were no associations with the four higher categories of BMI compared with a normal BMI for UC (P-trend = 0.36) or CD (P-trend = 0.83). The lack of associations was consistent when BMI was analyzed as a continuous or binary variable (BMI 18.5 <25.0 vs. >= 25 kg/m(2)). Physical activity and total energy intake, factors that influence BMI, did not show any association with UC (physical activity, P-trend = 0.79; total energy intake, P-trend = 0.18) or CD (physical activity, P-trend = 0.42; total energy, P-trend = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity as measured by BMI is not associated with the development of incident UC or CD. Alternative measures of obesity are required to further investigate the role of obesity in the development of incident IBD.
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| 4. |
- Chan, Simon S. M., et al.
(författare)
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Carbohydrate Intake in the Etiology of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1078-0998 .- 1536-4844. ; 20:11, s. 2013-2021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Diet may have a role in the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease. In previous studies, the associations between increased intakes of carbohydrates, sugar, starch, and inflammatory bowel disease are inconsistent. However, few prospective studies have investigated the associations between these macronutrients and incident Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: A total of 401,326 men and women were recruited between 1991 and 1998. At recruitment, dietary intakes of carbohydrate, sugar, and starch were measured using validated food frequency questionnaires. The cohort was monitored identifying participants who developed incident CD or UC. Cases were matched with 4 controls, and odds ratios were calculated for quintiles of total carbohydrate, sugar, and starch intakes adjusted for total energy intake, body mass index, and smoking. Results: One hundred ten participants developed CD, and 244 participants developed UC during follow-up. The adjusted odds ratio for the highest versus the lowest quintiles of total carbohydrate intake for CD was 0.87, 95% CI = 0.24 to 3.12 and for UC 1.46, 95% CI = 0.62 to 3.46, with no significant trends across quintiles for either (CD, P-trend = 0.70; UC, P-trend = 0.41). Similarly, no associations were observed with intakes of total sugar (CD, P-trend = 0.50; UC, P-trend = 0.71) or starch (CD, P-trend = 0.69; UC, P-trend = 0.17). Conclusions: The lack of associations with these nutrients is in agreement with many case-control studies that have not identified associations with CD or UC. As there is biological plausibility for how specific carbohydrates could have an etiological role in inflammatory bowel disease, future epidemiological work should assess individual carbohydrates, although there does not seem to be a macronutrient effect.
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| 5. |
- Craddock, Nick, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide association study of CNVs in 16,000 cases of eight common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 464:7289, s. 713-720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Copy number variants (CNVs) account for a major proportion of human genetic polymorphism and have been predicted to have an important role in genetic susceptibility to common disease. To address this we undertook a large, direct genome-wide study of association between CNVs and eight common human diseases. Using a purpose-designed array we typed,19,000 individuals into distinct copy-number classes at 3,432 polymorphic CNVs, including an estimated similar to 50% of all common CNVs larger than 500 base pairs. We identified several biological artefacts that lead to false-positive associations, including systematic CNV differences between DNAs derived from blood and cell lines. Association testing and follow-up replication analyses confirmed three loci where CNVs were associated with disease-IRGM for Crohn's disease, HLA for Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, and TSPAN8 for type 2 diabetes-although in each case the locus had previously been identified in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based studies, reflecting our observation that most common CNVs that are well-typed on our array are well tagged by SNPs and so have been indirectly explored through SNP studies. We conclude that common CNVs that can be typed on existing platforms are unlikely to contribute greatly to the genetic basis of common human diseases.
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| 6. |
- Creelman, Alastair, et al.
(författare)
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Förändringar, utmaningar, gränslöst lärande
- 2014
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Ingår i: Interaktiva medier och lärandemiljöer – hur tar vi med oss skolan in i samtiden?.
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bildning som betydelsefull del i lärandet är inte alltid priorierat i utbildingssammanhang. Informellt och icke-formellt lärande erkänns sällan som något som bidrar till kunskap och färdigheter, inte ens av individerna själva. Öppna sociala nätverk skapar stora möjligheter för en ny syn på bildning och tillvaratagande av den enskildes engagemang, motivation, intresse och valmöjligheter. Förändrade lärandekulturer skapas om hur vi lär tillsammans i öppna nätverk, både fysiska och digitala. Ett nytt ekosystem för utbildning tar form med nya aktörer och strukturer för bedömning och certifiering av lärande. Mozillas Open Badges initiativ är ett exempel på detta, liksom personliga e-portfolio, där kompetenser och erfarenheter kan valideras och certifieras antingen av arbetsgivare, utbildningsaktörer eller t.o.m. den enskilde själv. En explosionsartad utveckling sker idag av informellt lärandet tack vare tillgången till öppna lärresurser, forskningsartiklar (via Open Access), öppna utbildningar, sociala nätverk och gratis nätbaserade verktyg för kollaboration och skapande. Nya former för lärande och nya aktörer vinner mark. Förutsättningar för den enskildes möjligheter till lärande och utbildning tillgängliggörs i högre utsträckning samt förändras. Framför allt förändras den enskildes valmöjligheter och påverkansmöljligheter, enskilt, tillsammans med andra, i nätverk men också globalt. Betydelsefulla initiativ har de senaste åren vuxit fram med stor genomslagskraft. Under 2012 var lanseringen av MOOC det som troligen är mest utmanande och omdanande för fomella utbildningsaktörer. En ny form av folkbildning växer fram, där experter och entusiaster kan skapa egna utbildningar via plattformar som t.ex. Udemy, Open Tapestry, CourseSites för att sedan marknadsföra dem nationellt och internationellt med peer review och crowdsourcing som kvalitetssäkring. Kapitlet kommer att handla om diskussionen om hur ett öppet utbildningsklimat kan förädlas och kultiveras. Kapitlet handlar också om hur öppet lärande stimulerar och ger möjligheter till en ny folkbildningsrörelsen där den enskilde kan orkestrera sitt eget lärande.
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| 7. |
- Dahlberg-Grundberg, Michael, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Translocal Frame Extensions in a Networked Protest : Situating the #IdleNoMore hashtag
- 2014
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Ingår i: IC. - 1696-2508 .- 2173-1071. ; 11, s. 49-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to examine how locally situated social movements can use social media to deploy translocally networked forms of protests. The study looks at the Canadian Idle No More movement, an indigenous and environmental grassroots initiative that emerged around the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013 as a reaction to previous neglect of indigenous groups and to the omnibus bill proposal C-45 (which threatened both the partial sovereignty of indigenous territories and the Canadian environment). Focusing on the -decentralized and heterogeneous- movement’s Twitter use in general, and the employment of the hashtag #idlenomore in particular, the study examines to which extent and how Twitter may be a means for establishing bonds between geographically dispersed social movements.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Real-time for the masses, step 1: Programming API and static priority SRP kernel primitives
- 2013
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Ingår i: 2013 8th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial and Embedded Systems (SIES 2013). - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. ; , s. 110-113
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lightweight Real-Time Operating Systems have gained widespread use in implementing embedded software on lightweight nodes. However, bare metal solutions are chosen, e.g., when the reactive (interrupt-driven) paradigm better matches the programmer’s intent, when the OS features are not needed, or when the OS overhead is deemed too large. Moreover, other approaches are used when real-time guarantees are required. Establishing real-time and resource guarantees typically requires expert knowledge in the field, as no turn-key solutions are available to the masses.In this paper we set out to bridge the gap between bare metal solutions and traditional Real-Time OS paradigms. Our goal is to meet the intuition of the programmer and at the same time provide a resource-efficient (w.r.t. CPU and memory) implementation with established properties, such as bounded memory usage and guaranteed response times. We outline a roadmap for Real-Time For the Masses (RTFM) and report on the first step: an intuitive, platform-independent programming API backed by an efficient Stack Resource Policy-based scheduler and a tool for kernel configuration and basic resource and timing analysis.
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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SRP-DM scheduling of component-based embedded real-time software
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Model and component based design is an established means for the development of large software systems, and is starting to get momentum in the realm of embedded software development. In case of safety critical (dependable systems) it is crucial that the underlying model and its realization captures the requirements on the timely behavior of the system, and that these requirements can be preserved and validated throughout the design process (from specification to actual code execution). To this end, we base the presented work on the notion of Concurrent Reactive Objects (CRO) and their abstraction into Reactive Components.In many cases, the execution platform puts firm resource limitations on available memory and speed of computations that must be taken into consideration for the validation of the system.In this paper, we focus on code synthesis from the model, and we show how specified timing requirements are preserved and translated into scheduling information. In particular, we present how ceiling levels for Stack Resources Policy (SRP) scheduling and analysis can be extracted from the model. Additionally, to support schedulability analysis, we detail algorithms that for a CRO model derives periods (minimum inter-arrival times) and offsets of tasks/jobs. Moreover, the design of a micro-kernel supporting cooperative hardware- and software-scheduling of CRO based systems under Deadline Monotonic SRP is presented.
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| 10. |
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