| 1. |
- Strannegård, Claes, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Ecosystem Models Based on Artificial Intelligence
- 2022
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Ingår i: 34th Workshop of the Swedish Artificial Intelligence Society, SAIS 2022. - : IEEE.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecosystem models can be used for understanding general phenomena of evolution, ecology, and ethology. They can also be used for analyzing and predicting the ecological consequences of human activities on specific ecosystems, e.g., the effects of agriculture, forestry, construction, hunting, and fishing. We argue that powerful ecosystem models need to include reasonable models of the physical environment and of animal behavior. We also argue that several well-known ecosystem models are unsatisfactory in this regard. Then we present the open-source ecosystem simulator Ecotwin, which is built on top of the game engine Unity. To model a specific ecosystem in Ecotwin, we first generate a 3D Unity model of the physical environment, based on topographic or bathymetric data. Then we insert digital 3D models of the organisms of interest into the environment model. Each organism is equipped with a genome and capable of sexual or asexual reproduction. An organism dies if it runs out of some vital resource or reaches its maximum age. The animal models are equipped with behavioral models that include sensors, actions, reward signals, and mechanisms of learning and decision-making. Finally, we illustrate how Ecotwin works by building and running one terrestrial and one marine ecosystem model.
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| 2. |
- Dressel, Sabrina, et al.
(författare)
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En studie av 2021 års licensjakts effekt på attityder till varg
- 2023
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frågan om jakt på varg bidrar till att legitimera eller öka acceptansen för varg ochvargförvaltning har stötts och blötts inom forskning, politik och förvaltning under många år. Inom såväl politiken som forskningsvärlden råder det delade meningar om huruvida jakten verkligen kan bidra till att öka acceptansen. En anledning till oenigheten är att det saknas evidensbaserade studier som genomförts med tillräckligt hög validitet och tillförlitlighet. Genom sådana studier kan man bekräfta eller förkasta att jakt som förvaltningsåtgärd bidrar till att påverka människors attityder, och i förlängningen beteenden, som till exempel kan bidra till att förebygga illegal jakt.I denna studie valdes genomförandet av vargjakten i Sverige år 2021/2022 ut som en unik möjlighet att med rigorösa metoder fånga upp jaktens eventuella effekter på attityder till varg, vargpolitik och vargförvaltning, samt förtroendet för förvaltande myndigheter. Studien utformades med syfte att undersöka effekterna av licensjakt på varg bland allmänheten, samt bland direkt och indirekt berörda aktörer i vargfrågan. Studien kombinerar kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder och består av tre moduler: 1) en kartläggning av allmänhetens attityder före (n = 5 470 personer) och efter licensjakten (n = 7 432 personer) i län med licensjakt och utan licensjakt, 2) en intervjustudie med aktörer som är involverade i eller är direkt påverkade av beslutsprocessen rörande licensjakten, och 3) en analys av sociala mediers bevakning av licensjakten för att förstå den bredare samhällsdebatten.En slutsats av den här och tidigare studier är att det finns ett omfattande och stabilt stöd bland allmänheten för jakt på varg om syftet är att reglera vargpopulationen (Dressel m fl, 2021). Licensjakten på varg under 2021, som en enskild förvaltningsåtgärd, har däremot inte visat någon stark effekt på allmänhetens attityder till varg, dess politik och förvaltning eller tillit till förvaltande myndigheter. Den kvantitativa undersökningen fångade några små förändringar men utan ett tydligt mönster. Vissa län blev något mer positiva i vissa aspekter medan andra län blev något mer negativa. Mot bakgrund av teorier om hur attityder förändras, är det rimligt att anta att attityderna inte förändrades eftersom deltagarnas vardag inte påverkades av licensjakten. En slutsats av analysen av förvaltningsprocessen inför, under och efter licensjakten är att den, enligt de intervjuade aktörerna, lider brist på långsiktighet, förutsägbarhet och en gemensam idé om hur man åstadkommer förändring. Mer konkret ifrågasatte de intervjuade aktörerna aspekter relaterade till hela beslutsprocessen (till exempel grunden för vilken en potentiell jakt diskuteras, hur beslutsprocessen är utformad och vem som är involverad i den, samt att resultatet av processen överklagas i domstol). Detta påverkade aktörernas syn på förvaltningssystemet och involverade myndigheter och skapade frustration.En slutsats av analysen av debatten på Twitter och offentliga Facebooksidor är att licensjakten förvisso rönt stor uppmärksamhet och att den är politiserad, men att diskussionerna i mångt och mycket har förts i stuprör där grupper delar och förhåller sig till onlinematerial som är specifikt för just den egna gruppen. Det finns således ingen viral historia, eller någon särskilt inflytelserik resurs (bloggare, diskussionsforum, nyhetssajter, etc.) som på ett genomgripande sätt präglat diskussionerna i dessa grupper under tiden för studien. Generellt verkar det därmed inte finnas stöd för att licensjaktsfrågan skulle ha förändrat exempelvis Facebookgruppernas sätt att agera och fungera vilket i förlängningen betyder att debatten på dessa plattformar har haft en begränsad effekt och räckvidd.
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| 3. |
- Ericson, Petter, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Tracing class and capitalism in critical AI research
- 2024
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Ingår i: tripleC. - : TripleC. - 1726-670X. ; 22:1, s. 307-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the rapidly developing field of Critical AI Studies and its relation to issues of class and capitalism through a hybrid approach based on distant reading of a newly collected corpus of 300 full-text scientific articles, the creation of which is itself a first attempt at properly delineating the field. We find that words related to issues of class are predominantly but not exclusively confined to a set of studies that make up their own distinct subfield of Critical AI Studies, in contrast to, e.g., issues of race and gender, which are more broadly present in the corpus.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson Krutrök, Moa
(författare)
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Digital aftermaths of terror : reactions to terrorist attacks on twitter
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background. This thesis explores digital public reactions to terrorist attacks, and specifically how discourses on terrorism become articulated on social media. The overarching aim of the thesis is to explore the reactions spread on social media following attacks, and how these digital platforms may alter or transform the ways in which such attacks are collectively understood and interpreted. It explores issues relating to Twitter as a platform for backchannel meaning making, for downplaying fear mongering practices, the ways different terrorist attacks become co-articulated, as well as the divided attention of networked publics during terror-related events.Methods. The thesis is made up of four individual papers, each exploring digital reactions to different terrorist attacks on Twitter. The cases include the Utøya massacre in Norway 2011, the Stockholm lorry attack in 2017, 12 different attacks occurring between 2015-2017 in Europe (multi-case study), and the terrorist attack in Sinai, Egypt and the subsequent false alarm about a suspected terrorist attack on Oxford Street Underground station in London, UK, occuring on the same day in 2017. A combination of methods used in this thesis include network analysis of hashtag co-occurrences, and thematic analysis of prominent themes in tweets, using discourse theory as its analytical framework in the qualitative readings. Results. The findings of the thesis suggest that discourses on terrorism on social media are shaped by the specific logics present in the connective action of networked publics. The political action of digital audiences is performed in a personalised way that shapes terrorism discourse. How terrorism is understood is influenced by collective ideas of how societies become affected by trauma or resilience, and digital communities engage in downplaying or amplifying practices for such articulations. Prevailing spatial and temporal contexts alsomatter for the ways in which terrorist attacks are understood and reimagined. The (real or perceived) closeness to the attack, the interrelatedness of attacks, and aspects of virality of information plays a role in how terror discourses become articulated in digital spaces. Conclusion. This thesis makes theoretical and empirical contributions to the understanding of how digital audiences articulate terrorism discourse in the aftermath of terrorist attacks. It stresses that emotive personal expressions on social media should be understood as a highly politicised reaction, relating to a vast range of issues, such as immigration control, nationalism, or an increased prevalence of everyday racism. On social media, audiences may both amplify or downplay attention to specific terrorist attacks, and, as such, may choose to provide (or not provide) attention. Social media may thus function as a space for everyday political action in times of terrorism.
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| 5. |
- Eriksson Krutrök, Moa, et al.
(författare)
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Social media amplification loops and false alarms : towards a sociotechnical understanding of misinformation during emergencies
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Communication review. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1071-4421 .- 1547-7487. ; 25:2, s. 81-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the immediate aftermath of crisis events, there is a pressing demand among the public for information about what is unfolding. In such moments "information holes" occur, people and organizations collaborate to try to fill these in real time by sharing information. In this article, we approach such gaps not merely as the product of the actual lack of information, but as generated by the algorithmically underpinned social media platforms as such, and by the user behaviors that they proliferate. The lack of information is the result of the noisy and fragmented patchwork of information that social media platforms can generate. In this paper, we draw on a case study of one particular case of a false terrorism alarm and its unfolding on Twitter, that took place in London's Oxford Circus underground station in November of 2017. Using a combination of computational and interpretive methods – analyzing social network structure as well as textual expressions – we find that certain logics of platforms may affect emergency management and the work of emergency responders negatively.
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| 6. |
- Hallberg-Sramek, Isabella, et al.
(författare)
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Applying machine learning to media analysis improves our understanding of forest conflicts
- 2024
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conflicts over the management and governance of forests seem to be increasing. Previous media studies in this area have largely focused on analysing the portrayal of specific conflicts. This study aims to review how a broad range of forest conflicts are portrayed in the Swedish media, analysing their temporal, spatial, and relational dimensions. We applied topic modelling, a machine learning approach, to analyse 53,600 articles published in the Swedish daily press between 2012 and 2022. We identified 916 topics, of which 94 were of interest for this study. Our results showed ten areas of forest conflicts: hunting and fishing (35 % of total coverage), energy (24 %), recreation and tourism (11 %), nature conservation (8 %), forest damages (6 %), international issues (5 %), forestry (5 %), reindeer husbandry (4 %), media and politics (2 %), and mining (1 %). The overall coverage of forest conflicts increased significantly over the study period, potentially reflecting an actual increase in forest conflicts. Some of the conflicts were continuously reported upon over time, while the coverage of others exhibited seasonal or event-related patterns. Four conflicts received most of their coverage in specific regions, while others were covered across the whole of Sweden. A relational analysis of the conflicts revealed three clusters of forest conflicts focused respectively on industrial, cultural, and conservation conflicts. Our results emphasise the value of using topic modelling to understand the overall patterns and trends of the media coverage of current land use conflicts, while also highlighting potential areas of emerging conflicts that may be of special interest for planners and policy-makers to monitor and manage.
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| 7. |
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Handbook of critical studies of artificial intelligence
- 2023
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to seep into more areas of society and culture, critical social perspectives on its technologies are more urgent than ever before. Bringing together state-of-the-art research from experienced scholars across disciplines, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of critical AI studies. This title contains one or more Open Access chapters.
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| 8. |
- Hynd, Ryan, et al.
(författare)
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Decay of extremals of Morrey’s inequality
- 2024
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Ingår i: Arkiv för matematik. - : International Press, Inc.. - 0004-2080 .- 1871-2487. ; 62:1, s. 73-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the decay (at infinity) of extremals of Morrey’s inequality in Rn. These are functions satisfying (Formula Presented) where p>n and C(p, n) is the optimal constant in Morrey’s inequality. We prove that if n≥2 then any extremal has a power decay of order β for any (Formula Presented).
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| 9. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Four Facets of AI Transparency
- 2023
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Ingår i: Handbook of Critical Studies of Artificial Intelligence. - 9781803928562 - 9781803928555 ; , s. 445-455
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transparency in artificial intelligence (AI) can mean many things, but at the same time, it is currently a central focus for both scientific and regulatory attention. We seek to critically unpack this conceptual vagueness. This is particularly called for given recent focus on transparency in much of AI policy. To this end, we construct our analysis of AI Transparency into four facets. Firstly, (1) explainability (XAI) has become an expanding field in AI, which we argue needs to be complemented by more explicit focus on the (2) mediation of AI-systems functionality, as a communicated artefact. Furthermore, in the policy discourse on AI, the importance of (3) literacy is underscored. We draw from the rich literacy literature in order to show both promising and troubling consequences of this. Lastly, we unpack transparency as a form of governance, within a (4) legal framework encompassing a structure of trade-offs. By these four facets we aim to bring more clarity to the multifaceted concept of transparency in AI.
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| 10. |
- Lindberg, Jens, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The ongoing and collective character of digital care for older people : moving beyond techno-determinism in government policy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of technology in human services. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1522-8835 .- 1522-8991. ; 40:4, s. 357-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we contrast policy understandings of digital care with older people’s day-to-day digital care. In doing so, we discuss problems relating to deterministic approaches in government policy. Our policy analysis shows that digital care is articulated as an individual practice, and digital technologies as static actors. This bears clear marks of techno-deterministic reasoning. Our ethnographic study demonstrates the ongoing and collective character of older people’s digital care. When policy is not aligned with everyday practice, there is a risk of excluding groups of users. We argue that a socio-technical approach in government policy could contribute to achieving important societal goals.
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