| 1. |
- Sevastyanova, Olena, et al.
(författare)
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Bleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulps with chlorine dioxide : Factors affecting the efficiency of the final D stage
- 2011
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Ingår i: Int. Pulp Bleach. Conf., IPBC. - 9781618394347 ; , s. 376-403
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bleaching efficiency of the final D stage in the D 0(EP) D 1D 2 bleaching sequence was investigated focusing on the effect of pH in relation to the bleaching history of pulp samples. The pulps used were unbleached kraft Eucalyptus grandis pulps with a kappa number of 14.8, and the same pulp oxygen-delignified to kappa numbers 12 and 9.8. The samples were bleached according to the D 0(EP)D 1 sequence to a brightness of about 86% ISO and then submitted to the final D 2 stage under identical conditions. The target final brightness was 90.5% ISO. Changes in the kappa number, brightness, viscosity and contents of hexenuronic acid (HexA), 4-O-methylglucuronic acid and the total amount of carboxylic acid groups in pulps were monitored during the bleaching sequence. The target brightness in the D 2 stage was achieved for all pulps, but this required a different final pH for individual samples, indicating dissimilarities between chromophore types in them. In general, brightness increased as the pH increased from 3 to 6. The optimal value with respect to pulp viscosity was between pH 3 and 5. Despite unlike conditions applied in previous bleaching stages, the samples after the D 1 stage revealed similar residual lignin contents as shown by kappa number analysis. The content of hexenuronic acid in the samples was, however, found to vary broadly in the range from 2 to 26 mmol/kg. Conductometric titration showed different amounts of carboxylic (COOH) groups in pulps after the D 1 stage, of which HexA accounted for only a minor part. Since the content of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid groups was similar for all samples, the difference in the amount of COOH groups was mainly associated with oxidation of the residual lignin. Some of the charges might also originate from oxidized cellulose. It was concluded that the variations in the fiber charge result from the different bleaching conditions applied prior to the D 1 stage.
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| 2. |
- Antonsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between hygroexpansion, tensile stiffness, and mechano–sorptive creep in bleached hardwood kraft pulps
- 2010
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Ingår i: Appita journal. - 1038-6807. ; 63:1, s. 231-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hygroexpansion coefficient and tensile stiffness are important parameters in many paper applications. This study compares several bleached industrial hardwood kraft pulps, comprising five eucalypt pulps from South America, Europe, and Africa as well as an acacia pulp from Asia and a birch pulp from Scandinavia. Refined and unrefined pulps are compared. The results indicate significant differences in hygroexpansion but smaller differences in tensile stiffness index at comparable densities. No single factor offering a reasonable explanation of these differences in hygroexpansion coefficient, such as carbohydrate composition, fibre dimensions, or fibre form, was found. However, correlation between hygroexpansion coefficient and the mechano-sorptive creep stiffness was observed. We suggest that the hygroexpansion coefficient at a given tensile stiffness level can be used to rank pulps in terms of their mechano-sorptive creep properties.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Du, Xueyu, et al.
(författare)
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Modification of lignin structure by amine group introduction
- 2011
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Ingår i: Int. Symp. Wood, Fiber Pulping Chem. - Proc., ISWFPC. ; , s. 298-303
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amination of lignin conducted simply by Mannich reaction is an important mean for lignin structural and value upgradation. However, there is a lack of powerful analysis for quantification of the amine groups introduced and at the meantime for supplement of structural information about e.g. binding positions and side reactions etc. Various types of NMR analysis have thus been performed for the analysis of Mannich reaction products from lignin model, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (HMAP), and from industrial spruce Kraft lignin. As revealed by NMRs, the reaction was very selective at C-5 position of guaiacyl lignin units and complete under acidic conditions with 11-fold amounts of reagents of piperidine (PIP) or dimethylamine (DMA) and formaldehyde over HMAP. No side reactions took place at the aromatic structure. For industrial lignin, 13.5 (by PIP) and 15 (by DMA) nitrogen atoms were introduced per 100 aromatic rings. Using other analytical methods, the aminated lignin was found with higher molecular weights, reaching Mp of 5.06kDa from the original 3.92kDa by DMA modification, and with a sharp increased solubility especially in acetic acid aqueous solution, 31.2 mg/ml after DMA modification. A preceding phenolation of the lignin resulted in a 70% increase of available aromatic rings and an introduction of 56 amine groups over 100 original aromatic rings after Mannich reaction by using DMA, which caused increases of molecular weights to 5.11kDa (Mp) and of solubility in acetic acid aqueous solution up to 77.2 mg/mL. Potential applications of these modified lignins of high values include many applications in different fields such as surfactant chemicals, polycationic materials and slow released fertilizers etc.
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| 6. |
- Helander, Mikaela, et al.
(författare)
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Fractionation of Technical Lignin: Molecular Mass and pH Effects
- 2013
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126 .- 1930-2126. ; 8:2, s. 2270-2282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, lignin from kraft pulping is used mainly as fuel, with only very small amounts being used as raw material for chemicals and materials. This work focuses on using a convenient method for separating large amounts of low molecular weight lignin from the kraft process. Low molecular weight lignin contains larger amounts of phenolic structural units, which are possible modification sites and can be used as antioxidants. Moreover, a product that has reduced polydispersity, low molecular weight, and purified lignin could be a potential material for new applications. The studied process for separating lignin from weak black liquor used a membrane with a cut-off of 1000 Da. During precipitation of the 1000 Da permeate, it is necessary to prevent formation of fairly large, rigid particles/agglomerates of lignin by keeping the temperature low. To improve the dead-end filtration, higher ionic strength is needed for the weak black liquor. Additionally, reducing the end pH will cause more material to precipitate. More sulfur was found in the low molecular weight lignin and at lower precipitation pH, indicating that most sulfur left in the lignin samples might be bound to low molecular weight lignin.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Helander, Mikaela, 1982-
(författare)
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The Use of Membrane Filtration to Improve the Properties of Extracted Wood Components
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The forest is alarge and important natural resourcein Sweden, and approximately 70% of the country’s land area is woodland. Wood is an excellent raw material for the replacement of oil-based products because it is renewable, biodegradable and carbon neutral. Furthermore, the forest industry is searching for new processes and methods to utilise by-product streams in a so-called integrated biorefinery. A key to the success of producing new products from wood could be pure and homogenous raw materials. Because wood contains a large variety of components with different characteristics and sizes, cross-flow filtration (CFF) will be a key separation technique to obtain homogenous and pure raw materials in the biorefinery concept.Different wood material components have been studied in this thesis. The first part of this work focuses on kraft lignin. Kraft lignin is interesting because approximately 3.5-4 million metric tonnes are produced in Sweden annually (~7million tonnes of kraft pulp/year in 2012), and today it is mainly used as fuel. The second part of this thesis deals with materials in hot water extract (i.e., galactoglucomannan, but also other components). These extracted materials are interesting because similar materials are extracted in thermomechanical pulping process by-product streams. Finally, nanocellulose has been studied since it is an interesting raw material for future applications.Through CFF, kraft lignin from black liquor has been fractionated into raw material samples with more homogeneous characteristics such as molecular weight, aromatic hydroxyl groups and thermal properties. From dynamic mechanical analysis, low molecular weight fractions were found to have the highest degree softening. To precipitate low molecular weight fractions (<1000 Dacut-off) into a convenient solid, lower temperatures than forhigh molecular weight fractions were needed. To produce low molecular weight lignin (<5000 Da cut-off) from re-dissolved LignoBoost lignin, lower lignin concentrations and higher pH and ionic strength were found to increase the permeate fluxat the tested conditions.Nanocellulose has been producedby a novel process called nanopulping and has subsequently been size fractionated by CFF to obtain more homogenous nanocellulose.CFF and adsorption chromatography can be used to isolate dissolved wood components, yielding several upgraded products: lignin, lignin-carbohydrate complexes, and galactoglucomannan.
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| 9. |
- Henriksson, Gunnar, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Lignin Utilization
- 2010
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Ingår i: Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals. - : RSC Publishing. - 9781849732260 ; , s. 222-262
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, carrying out important biological roles in vascular plants. It has somewhat higher energy content than polysaccharides, but has a complex and heterogeneous structure including covalent bonds to polysaccharides. The partly random structure of lignin is explained by the fact that it is created by an uncatalyzed radical polymerization. Lignin is obtained as a by-product of various types of technical processes based on biomass, of which chemical pulping of wood is the most important. These technical lignins have structures that differ from native lignin. Sulphite pulping of wood generates a water soluble lignin derivate, which among other things, is used as a dispersing agent and dust binder. Kraft pulping generates a lignin that is insoluble at neutral pH, which today is mainly burned for heat generation in the chemical recovery system of the kraft pulp mill. Recently, efficient methods have been developed for the preparation of lignin from the process liquids, for use in energy generation or other applications. Conversion of technical lignin to liquid fuels for use in combustion engines is an interesting possibility that represents a technical challenge. This chapter reviews the structure and biopolymerisation of lignin, reactions of lignin during technical processes, and different applications of technical lignins.
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| 10. |
- Hou, Yi, et al.
(författare)
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Feasibility of monomer aromatic substances as calibration standards for lignin quantitative analyses in Pyrolysis-GCMS
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2370 .- 1873-250X. ; 101, s. 232-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, the feasibilities of five different monomer aromatic substances as calibration standards by analytical pyrolysis with gas chromatographic separation and mass selective detection (Py-GC/MS) were applied for the quantification of lignin in paper and pulp. The stabilities of these substances in the pyrolysis process were evaluated and the curves of peak response area to mass also were obtained. The results showed that the substances with exact same substitutions on the benzene ring as lignin units had good stabilities in the pyrolysis process with good lineabilities of peak response area to the mass curves, which implicated these substances can be applied as calibration standards in the liginin quick quantitative analyse without tedious pretreatments and structure changes.
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