| 1. |
- Friman (Fridahl), Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Technologies confining equity : the case of historical responsibility in UNFCCC negotiations
- 2006
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Ingår i: Technologies of Nature Politics, 2006.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concept of historical responsibility aims at attributing individual country burdens in mitigating climate change based on the relative levels of past emissions. Brazil presented the first comprehensive version of the concept of historical responsibility before the pre Kyoto climate change negotiations in 1997. The -Brazilian proposal- combined retributive and distributive as well as inter- and intra-generational justice. However, the issue of historical responsibility very soon turned technical and was referred to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice. It illustrates how disparities in knowledge production influence the negotiations. The proposal was restrained in policy process due to lack of scientific expertise from Southern countries and due to non-inclusive discourse. The proposal stranded on problems of how to correctly represent physical nature in mathematical models, marginalising the original intentions of equity in relation to the North-South divide as well as to past and future generations thus undercutting a potential angle of approach for achieving good global governance.
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| 2. |
- Friman (Fridahl), Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Technology obscuring equity : the case of historical responsibility in UNFCCC
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many of today's most pressing environmental problems share one important characteristic: they are cross-boundary, i.e., they disregard political and geographical borders. Obviously, this is challenging for several reasons. One is that present legal and political institutionshave no effective reach beyond the nation-state. The same is the case with most political authority. Furthermore, the border crossing character of many environmental problems is also ethically challenging. What is a fair distribution of the burdens required to mitigate and adapt to e.g., climate change, chemical pollution andover use of marine resources and/or to make society less vulnerable to its' consequences? And perhaps even more difficult: Who has theresponsibility to take action - those causing the problems or those inrisk to suffer from the devastating effects? The papers in this section are discussing environmental problems from such points of view as authority, responsibility and distributive justice.
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| 3. |
- Friman (Fridahl), Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Technology obscuring equity : the case of historical responsibility in UNFCCC negotiations
- 2007
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Ingår i: Authority, Responsibility and Justice in Environmental Politics. - Oslo : NIBR. - 9788270716852 ; , s. 103-122
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- According to the concept of historical responsibility, the commitments of individual countries to mitigating climate change are distributed based on the relative effects of their past emissions as manifested in present climate change. Brazil presented a comprehensive version of the concept to pre-Kyoto negotiations in 1997. The “Brazilian proposal” originally combined several justice principles; however, following referral to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, discussion soon became technical. This case illustrates how disparities in knowledge production and framing can influence the inclusiveness of negotiations. Southern participation in the policy process was restrained due to lack of scientific expertise on the part of Southern countries and due to the non-inclusive biophysical discourse traditionally preferred by the North. The historical responsibility issue became stranded on problems of how correctly to represent physical nature in climate models. This marginalized the original intention that equity should be the guiding principle of the North−South interaction, arguably undercutting a potential angle of approach to advance the climate change negotiations.
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| 4. |
- Friman (Fridahl), Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Technology obscuring equity: historical responsibility in UNFCCC negotiations
- 2008
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Ingår i: Climate Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1469-3062 .- 1752-7457. ; 8:4, s. 339-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the concept of historical responsibility, the commitments of individual countries to take action on climate change are distributed based on the relative effects of their past emissions as manifested in present climate change. Brazil presented a comprehensive version of the concept to pre-Kyoto negotiations in 1997. The ‘Brazilian proposal’ originally combined several justice principles; however, following referral to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, discussion soon became confined to technical calculations. This case illustrates how disparities in knowledge production and framing can influence the inclusiveness of negotiations. Southern participation in the policy process was restrained due to lack of scientific expertise on the part of Southern countries and due to the non-inclusive biophysical discourse traditionally preferred by Northern policy-makers. The historical responsibility issue became stranded on problems of how to correctly represent physical nature in climate models. This marginalized the original intention that equity should be the guiding principle of the North–South interaction, arguably undercutting a potential angle of approach to advance the climate change negotiations. The article concludes that in the interest of facilitating the North–South dialogue in climate change negotiations, any framing of historical responsibility that excludes equity needs to be redefined.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hedrén, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Utopian thought and the politics of sustainable development
- 2009
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Ingår i: FUTURES. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-3287. ; 41:4, s. 210-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article argues that utopian thought is a necessary condition for the politics of sustainable development. Since utopian thought has so far been constrained by some typically Western features from the era of modernity, this requires a shift that transcends the following three fundamental aspects: the notions of fixed truth, fixed territoriality and fixed final goals for politics. The article argues that the concept of global sustainable development can entail three new elements of utopian thought: the disintegration of fixed territoriality, a never-ending story, and prismatic blueprints. Using these elements, utopian thought can provide transformative power, so that politics and policy making call meet contemporary global challenges to development and the environment.
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| 7. |
- Hjerpe, Mattias, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental management since world war II
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This background report to the IVA project “Environmental Foresight” presents how environmental problems and their management have evolved since World War II divided into five time periods: 1945-1971, 1972-1981, 1982-1991, 1992-2001, and 2002 and beyond. For each time period, the report recapitulates some of the most important socioeconomic and geopolitical trends internationally and nationally as well as the environmental debate. It presents a selection of environmental issues that received a lot of attention, including, inter alia, how and at what administrative level the issues under consideration were managed and what types of political interventions were used.In the first period we give three examples of issues that were essential in the environmental discourse at the time: 1) Global food supply, which illustrates that environmental issues always have contained a global dimension. 2) Struggles over the expansion of water power, shows another aspect of the controversies that follow exploitation of natural resources. 3) The spreading of mercury, represents the growing awareness that economic activities affected the environment and the growing concerns about pollution that arose at that time. In the second time period 1972-1981, the first example involves the efforts to link economic development and environmental consideration at UN level and in which Swedish diplomacy played a key role. The second example concerns an issue that has remained essential, namely the supply of energy, particularly the two oil crises and the fate of nuclear power. In the 1980s, and certain environmental problems were framed and more or less successfully handled in this new context. The report provides three examples of the increased emphasis on transboundary framing and handling of environmental degradation in the 1980s: 1) Acidification, which was managed rapidly at national level in Sweden wheras international regulation took almost two more decades. 2) The ozone hole, which inter alia illustrates the role of science in detecting environmental issues. Emblematic for the period 1992-2001 are the revival of the attempts to link economic growth and environmental consideration and the controversies surrounding of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Today we see an increasing emphasis on linkages between environmental issues, not the least climate, and trade. Another topical issue today is the Baltic Sea, which is a common regional resource that provides a multitude of ecological services and faces a number of environmental challenges.Globalisation and social, technological, cultural and economic modernisation processes influence two fundamental processes that characterize the period cover in this report: an unprecedented global environmental change, a dramatic shift in social organisation vis-à-vis the environment. The report concludes that although history do not repeat itself, we can conclude that hitherto chances of a successful management of an environmental issues has increased with a combination of political will/ambition as well as windows of opportunities in geopolitical, socioeconomic and technological respects. Consequently, reflexive and adaptive institutions have an advantage in coping with the inherent uncertainties of future conditions in economy, technology, politics and society.
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| 8. |
- Hjerpe, Mattias, 1972-
(författare)
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Sustainable Development and Urban Water Management : Linking Theory and Practice of Economic Criteria
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The interest in using criteria and indicators for assessing activities in relation to sustainable development is increasing. This dissertation analyses the potential for using economic criteria for assessment of urban water management in relation to sustainable development. The analysis consists of three parts.First, to analyse the basis for economic criteria, there is a need to categorise general frameworks, disciplinary theories and practical assessments in order to explore what the economic dimension of sustainable could imply, depending on general assumptions about challenges, goals and means. Consequently, a number of general frameworks, economic theories and urban water assessments were categorised.Second, based on this analysis, a set of economic criteria was chosen, consisting of maintenance of water infrastructure, affordability, cost-recovery, effectiveness and development potential. For each criterion, one or more indicators are suggested.Third, these indicators were tested in three cases from Swedish municipalities: introduction of volumetric billing in a low-income apartment area, increased water supply in a growing city and introduction of kitchen waste disposers in a city with a stagnant population.On the basis of the application, introduction of volumetric billing in a low-income area resulted in deteriorating affordability and effectiveness, whereas cost-recovery improved. Introduction of kitchen waste disposers in a stagnant area was questionable from an effectiveness viewpoint whereas the water infrastructure was well maintained. In the growing city, increased income and population determined the outcome of the affordability, cost-recovery and development potential criteria, which all improved.The study also found that using economic criteria and indicators for assessment of urban water management in relation to sustainable development requires a continuous balance between the universal and the context specific, that is, between the criteria and indicators used and the water infrastructure change being assessed. This emphasises that criteria used should relate to all dimensions of sustainable development as well as of the decisiveness of involving actors and other stakeholders in sustainable development assessments.
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| 9. |
- Hjerpe, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Synergier mellan världshandels-och klimatpolitik : Exemplet ökad användning av biodrivmedel
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biodrivmedel är ett av de tydligaste exemplen på synergi mellan världshandeloch klimatpolitik. Inom de pågående WTO-förhandlingarna har Brasilien harföreslagit att etanol ska tas upp som en av de miljövaror för vilka tullargradvis ska avskaffas. Gradvis liberalisering av handel med biodrivmedel,som en jordbruks- eller industrivara, är i linje med WTO:s mål samtidigt somökad användning av biodrivmedel är en verkningsfull åtgärd för att minskautsläppen av växthusgaser från trafiken – klimatpolitikens sorgebarn. Föreuropeisk del är denna fråga av särskilt intresse, på grund av dengemensamma skyddstullen för import av etanol.Rapporten har kartlagt olika konsekvenser som en ökad sammanlänkningmellan internationella avtal om världshandel och klimatförändringar kan fåför svensk politik för att öka användningen av biodrivmedel.Uppfattningarna varierar bland forskare och beslutsfattare om vilka effekteren ökad grad av interaktion mellan de handels- och klimatpolitiska områdenskulle få. Även om det ännu inte uppstått någon formell konflikt mellanregelverken inom FN:s klimatkonvention och WTO finns det problem som kanhämma åtaganden och genomförande på sikt, t.ex. subventioner och tullargällande biobränslen. Avsaknaden av tvist ger en indikation på att ingetmedlemsland ännu ansett att de klimatpolitiska styrmedlen försvåratgränsöverskridande handel nämnvärt eller skapat nya handelshinder förutländska företagDe flesta bedömare är överens om att bestämmelserna i WTO:s olika avtaloch klimatkonventionen och Kyotoprotokollet kan vara kompatibla medvarandra. Det handlar om att utforma handlingsprogram och åtgärder på rättsätt.Under det senaste decenniet har WTO:s avtal kommit att täcka ett allt vidareområde och accelererat liberaliseringen av den gränsöverskridande handelnmed varor och tjänster. Klimatavtalen har fokuserat på att minska eller i vartfall minska ökningstakten för utsläppen av växthusgaser, i första steget frånde rika länderna. Avtalen pekar också ut en rad områden inom vilka staternaförväntas genomföra sådana åtgärder, t.ex. främja energieffektivisering ochuthålligt jordbruk samt ökad användning av nya och förnyelsebaraenergikällor.Några områden för vilka förhållandet mellan regelsystemen bedöms vara merproblematiska är: Frågan om produktionsprocesser och produktionsmetoder somexempelvis försvårar användandet av kriterier för val av klimatvänligaalternativ i offentlig upphandling, Exportsubventioner som aldrig är tillåtna, Obligatoriska standarder och certifieringssystem: statlig inblandningoch förtäckta handelshinder.3Det finns också en osäkerhet, eftersom inga formella tvister ännu har gälltnågra av de klimatpolitiska styrmedel som utvecklats och just tagits i drift,men tidigare tillämpningar i liknande fall anses ge ett ganska gott underlagför bedömning. Utifrån en sådan bedömning anses exempelvis den modellmed garanterat pris för elektricitet framställd av förnybara råvaror somanvänds i Tyskland och det system med gröna drivmedelscertifikat somhåller på att utvecklas i Storbritannien vara kompatibla med WTO:s regler. I framtiden väntas klimatregionen såväl skärpas inom utsläppsområdet somvidgas till att innefatta andra områden, såsom anpassning och koppling tillutvecklingsmål. Detta kommer sannolikt att öka risken för effekter påinternationell handel. Inom handelsregimen är det inte osannolikt attförhandlingarna inom jordbruksavtalet (och GATT) kommer att påbörja enliberalisering av handel med produkter för framställning av biobränslenoch/eller med de färdiga bränslena. Detta skapar ett tryck på att minskaeller avskaffa EU:s skyddstull för etanol. Det skapar också nya möjligheterför den svenska miljöteknikindustrin och för svenska lantbruksföretaggenom att snabbt kunna dra nytta av den förändrademarknadsförutsättningarna. Biodrivmedel är ett tydligt exempel på enpotentiell synergi mellan handel och klimat, eftersom handel i dagsläget ärmycket liten.Viktiga områden i den närmaste framtiden kan vara: Stöd för införande av miljöteknik (lika för alla företag mm) Subventioner till odling av biogrödor (påverkar detproduktionsvolymen?) Bristande harmonisering, dvs. länder inför olika typer av åtgärder ochpå skild sätt, vilket ökar risken för ojämlika konkurrensförhållanden.Rapporten diskuterar fyra sätt att främja användningen av biobränslen: skärpning av befintlig bränsle- och fordonsbeskattning gröna drivmedelscertifikat bilar som kan drivas med alternativa drivmedel som standard transportsektorn med i handel med utsläppsrätter.Samtliga system är eller kan göras kompatibla med WTO:s regelsystem (t.ex.genom att fler tillverkare tillhandahåller bilar som kan drivas medbiobränslen) och skulle därför gå att använda. De får dock olika effekter förmarkandens aktörer.
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| 10. |
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