| 1. |
- WALLÉN WARNER, HENRIETTE, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Dream 3.0. Documentation of references supporting the links in the classification scheme
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Both the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM; Ljung, 2002) and theSafetyNet Accident Causation System (SNACS; Ljung, 2006) have been successfully used astools for accident analysis in Sweden as well as in other European countries. While the drivervehicle/traffic environment-organisation triad are used as frames of reference and theContextual Control Model (COCOM; Hollnagel, 1998) is used to organise human cognition,the links in the classification schemes have not been established by referring to literature. Theaim of this literature review is therefore to investigate the empirical support for the links inthe classification scheme of DREAM 3.0 (an updated version of DREAM/SNACS).
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| 4. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Development of an In-depth European Accident Causation Database and the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method, DREAM 3.0
- 2008
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Ingår i: 3rd International Conference ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research). - Hannover, Tyskland.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The SafetyNet project was formulated in part to address the need for safety oriented European road accident data. One of the main tasks included within the project was the development of a methodology for better understanding of accident causation together with the development of an associated database involving data obtained from on-scene or “nearly on-scene” accident investigations. Information from these investigations was complemented by data from follow-up interviews with crash participants to determine critical events and contributory factors to the accident occurrence. A method for classification of accident contributing factors, known as DREAM 3.0, was developed and tested in conjunction with the SafetyNet activities. Collection of data and case analysis for some 1 000 individual crashes have recently been completed and inserted into the database and therefore aggregation analyses of the data are now being undertaken. This paper describes the methodology development, an overview of the database and the initial aggregation analyses.
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| 5. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Accident investigations for active safety at CHALMERS - new demands require new methodologies
- 2007
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Ingår i: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5159 .- 0042-3114. ; 45:10, s. 881-894
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to develop efficient active safety systems, knowledge about what causes traffic accidents is required. One way to gather such knowledge is through traffic accident investigations. For the needs of active safety, most current accident investigation methodologies do not provide a sufficiently detailed or theoretically anchored analysis. Therefore, new studies need to be carried out using new theoretical frameworks and analysis methods. At CHALMERS, a new methodology called driving reliability and error analysis method has been developed and tried out during recent years. The methodology, as described and exemplified, shows good promise of meeting the needs of active safety accident investigation projects. Results from studies using the methodology also imply consequences for how benefit estimation of new active safety systems should be carried out.
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| 6. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973
(författare)
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Developing Theoretical and Empirical Definitions of Safety Problems in Driving Suitable for Active Safety Function Evaluation
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In passive safety, the requirement specifications used for evaluation of protective functions are both standardised and specified at a high level of detail regarding evaluation scenario definition, performance metrics and pass/fail criteria. For active safety, while several propositions for evaluation scenarios have been made, neither these, nor performance metrics and pass/fail criteria have yet reached a similar level of detail and standardisation. The objective of this thesis is to address two underlying reasons for this difference. One is theoretical in nature. On a general level, a set of principles and concepts which capture the fundamental ideas of a field of science can be called a conceptual framework. For active safety function evaluation, such a framework is currently lacking. To address this issue, a conceptual framework called Situational control was developed. The framework integrates fundamental ideas relevant for active safety function evaluation into a holistic and practically applicable picture. Its applicability was demonstrated by applying it in the context of writing and implementing requirement specifications for active safety function evaluation.The second reason is of empirical character. To evaluate the extent to which active safety functions prevent and/or mitigate crashes, it is essential to characterize the sequence of events which leads to collisions in a way which includes information on causal factors. To do this, data from official databases (macroscopic data), and in-depth case studies is often used. Macroscopic data is usually statistically representative but has limited information on why crashes happen, while the opposite is true of case studies. Using the two in combination would therefore seem ideal. However, the principles for connecting them are far from clear and current approaches suffer inherent weaknesses. To address this issue, a generalization methodology which links information in case studies to macroscopic crash types, in a way which covers not only context but also causation similarity, was developed. The feasibility of the methodology was tested through application on three sets of intersection crash data. Results indicate that the methodology was sufficiently successful to warrant further exploration with larger data sets.
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| 7. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Requirements and Data Sources Needed For Validation of Component Properties and Performance in Simulation Based Benefit Assessment of Driver Assistance Technologies
- 2009
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Ingår i: 21th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In one of the Advanced Crash AvoidanceTechnology (ACAT) projects, a computationalsimulation approach has been used to assess thepotential benefit of three advanced DriverAssistance Technologies in a lane departurescenario. The main advantage of a computationalsimulation approach to driver assistancetechnologies evaluation is that a wide range ofconditions can be explored at a comparatively lowcost. Also, though multiple data sources related totraffic safety are available, few approaches makesystematic and integrated use of them. Using themto validate simulation components provides a wayof integrating data from various sources into areusable format.When using simulation, the properties of eachsimulated component need validation. Theobjective of this paper is to describe datarequirements for component validation, as well ashow data which meet the requirements has beenidentified and extracted. The basic approach of theproject is to look at each simulated component anddetermine which of its properties influence scenariooutcome. Data sources which provide input onthose properties are identified, and data from themis extracted and prepared for use in the simulation.To achieve a high level of detail and accuracy forall components, data from multiple sources areused including crash databases, field operationaltests, testing on test-tracks and driving simulatorexperiments.The research conducted in this project shows thatsufficient data can be obtained to validate theproperties of the simulation components. There arelimitations in available data for some sourceswhich raises questions of representativity, but thesecan in principle be overcome by extended datacollection. The research also shows that whileextensive effort may have to go into validation thefirst time a simulation is developed, similarsubsequent projects will require much lessvalidation effort since the simulation componentscan be reused.
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| 8. |
- Morris, A, et al.
(författare)
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The Development of a Multidisciplinary System to Understand Causal Factors in Road Crashes
- 2006
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Ingår i: 42nd Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Australia Conference 2006, HFESA 2006. - 9781622769599 ; , s. 31-38
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The persistent lack of crash causation data to help inform and monitor road and vehicle safety policy is a major obstacle. Data are needed to assess the performance of road and vehicle safety stakeholders and is needed to support the development of further actions. A recent analysis conducted by the European Transport Safety Council identified that there was no single system in place that could meet all of the needs and that there were major gaps including in-depth crash causation information. This paper describes the process of developing a data collection and analysis system designed to fill these gaps. A project team with members from 7 countries was set up to devise appropriate variable lists to collect crash causation information under the following topic levels: accident, road environment, vehicle, and road user, using two quite different sets of resources: retrospective detailed police reports (n=1300) and prospective, independent, on-scene accident research investigations (n=1000). Data categorisation and human factors analysis methods based on Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (Hollnagel, 1998) were developed to enable the causal factors to be recorded, linked and understood. A harmonised, prospective "on-scene" method for recording the root causes and critical events of road crashes was developed. Where appropriate, this includes interviewing road users in collaboration with more routine accident investigation techniques. The typical level of detail recorded is a minimum of 150 variables for each accident. The project will enable multidisciplinary information on the circumstances of crashes to be interpreted to provide information on the causal factors. This has major applications in the areas of active safety systems, infrastructure and road safety, as well as for tailoring behavioural interventions. There is no direct model available internationally that uses such a systems based approach.
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| 9. |
- Sandin, Jesper, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the causation of single-vehicle crashes: a methodology for in-depth on-scene multidisciplinary case studies
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Vehicle Safety. - 1479-3105 .- 1479-3113. ; 2:3, s. 316-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge of the interaction between and consequences of causation factors is essential when designing active safety measures. There is frequently a lack of adequate details in the area of causation, especially pertaining to Single-Vehicle Crashes (SVCs). This study describes the in-depth and on-scene investigations of 38 SVCs that took place in Gothenburg, Sweden. The causation factors involved were analysed using the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM). The 38 SVCs were grouped into four scenarios. In the first scenario, vehicles drifted out of lane due to driver fatigue, sleepiness or distraction. In the second, an undetectable reduction in road friction caused experienced drivers to lose control in curves. Loss of control in curves was also a factor in scenario three, partly due to high speed. In this scenario, drivers overestimated their driving skills or had limited experience of the vehicle or the curve. In the final scenario, alarmed drivers lost control as a result of excessive steering-wheel manoeuvres. This study demonstrates a methodology that can be used to explain how a combination of factors may increase the risk of SVCs.
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