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- Essen, Johan von
(författare)
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Om det ideella arbetets betydelse : – en studie om människors livsåskådningar
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The point of departure for this dissertation is the question of how people perceive what it means to be a citizen. In Sweden, voluntary work is a widespread social phenomenon and studying what voluntary work means to people enables the study of an important form of citizenship in contemporary society. The aims of the dissertation are to clarify the meaning of voluntary work and study themes in the view on society and the outlook of mankind emerging from the perspective of voluntary work.The study consists of interviews with people who do voluntary work within environmental organizations, sports clubs, and welfare organizations.The interviewees describe voluntary work as being: unpaid, aimed at benefiting others, a free choice, an expression of engagement, and performed in a community. These five themes constitute a departure towards a phenomenological structure of voluntary work. Voluntary work is moreover percieved as a way of gaining an identity, achieving self-realization, and experiencing meaning. These three themes seems to be fundamental functions of voluntary work. When society is described from the perspective of voluntary work, it is perceived as being materialistic and faceless. In contrast, voluntary work seems to offer an arena i a public context for people to act authentically for the good of others.The interview responses are discussed in relation to the individualization in the modern society. There is no support for the notion of antagonism between individualism and voluntary work. More accurately, they describe voluntary work as a way of standing out as an individual in society. The interview subjects consequently portray the civil society as a free zone in which people can express their citizenship. In summary, voluntary work seems to emerge as a way for people to give shape and form to their citizenship and appear as individuals in a public sphere.
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- Guo, Jian Ping, et al.
(författare)
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Profound and paradoxical impact on arthritis and autoimmunity of the rat antigen-presenting lectin-like receptor complex
- 2008
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Ingår i: Arthritis and Rheumatism. - : Wiley. - 0004-3591 .- 1529-0131. ; 58:5, s. 1343-1353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The antigen-presenting lectin-like receptor complex (APLEC) was recently identified as a genetic determinant for arthritis susceptibility. We undertook this study to define mechanisms underlying the impact of APLEC on arthritis, to determine whether sex effects occur, and to determine whether APLEC influences different types of arthritis and phenotypes other than susceptibility. METHODS: Arthritis-susceptible DA rats were compared with sex-matched congenic rats in which APLEC alleles were substituted with alleles from arthritis-resistant PVG rats. Six different arthritogenic agents were injected at the base of the tail: Freund's incomplete adjuvant, pristane, squalene, killed mycobacteria, yeast beta-glucan, or rat type II collagen (CII). Arthritis was visually scored, body weight was measured, and anti-CII IgG and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: In 5 models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), congenic rats deviated profoundly from DA rats by having reduced arthritis susceptibility, delayed onset, decreased severity, and/or reduced body weight loss. Paradoxical opposite genetic effects were noted, including a more severe disease course in congenic males in pristane-induced arthritis and decreased clinical signs in collagen-induced arthritis despite increased autoantibody levels. Interestingly, the anti-CII IgG isotype profile was skewed in congenic rats, and markedly reduced lymph node mRNA levels for interleukin-17 suggested that the cytokine profile of autoreactive T helper cells was also skewed in a less pathogenic direction. CONCLUSION: Rat APLEC regulates autoimmunity and multiple phenotypes in several types of arthritis. However, delineating the genetic impact may require stratification for sex or mode of arthritis induction. This pathogenetic complexity should be considered when evaluating APLEC in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including RA.
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- Guo, J P, et al.
(författare)
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The rat antigen-presenting lectin-like receptor complex influences innate immunity and development of infectious diseases.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Genes and immunity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5470 .- 1466-4879. ; 10:3, s. 227-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genetic variation in the antigen-presenting lectin-like receptor gene complex (APLEC) associates with autoimmunity and arthritis in rats and humans. We hypothesized that the encoded C-type lectin-like receptors might influence innate immunity and responses to infectious agents. To test this hypothesis, we compared in vivo and in vitro phenotypes in DA rats and APLEC-congenic rats. Survival rates following infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Herpes simplex virus differed significantly between the two strains. Likewise, differential delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), an immunological reaction involving T lymphocytes and macrophages, was observed in response to provocation with the chemical oxazolone. Unstimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages from the two strains appeared to already have polarized activation states with different mRNA levels of CD163 and Dectin-1 receptors. Following stimulation with a panel of microbial agents, differences in induced mRNA and protein levels were shown for interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, mannan and beta-glucan. Expression levels of APLEC gene mRNAs also differed, and both strains had a notably dichotomous expression of the genes, with general downregulation of all four Dcir genes and upregulation of Mincle and Mcl. We suggest that human APLEC genes may similarly regulate infectious diseases, DTH and general macrophage activation status.
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- Holmén, Janne
(författare)
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Den politiska läroboken : Bilden av USA och Sovjetunionen i norska, svenska och finländska läroböcker under Kalla kriget
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the Cold War, Norway was a member of NATO, Sweden was neutral but depended on Western support in the event of a crisis, while Finland's foreign policy priority was to win and retain the Soviet Union's confidence. The purpose of the thesis is to study whether the three small states' different foreign policy choices had consequences for the ways in which the Soviet Union and the USA were depicted in school textbooks for history, geography, and social sciences in the period 1930 to 2004. To this end, a theory derived from small states' strategies to maintain their independence was applied to textbook production.The study demonstrates that there was a link between small state foreign policy and textbooks' accounts of the USA and Soviet Union. Swedish and Norwegian textbooks portray international conflicts from a legalistic perspective, taking the part of small states exposed to superpower aggression such as Vietnam and Afghanistan. In Finnish textbooks, however, an interest in defending small state's rights yielded to the need to demonstrate their goodwill towards the Soviet Union, which was described in far less critical terms than in Swedish and Norwegian textbooks. In time, in the name of neutrality, depictions of the USA also became increasingly uncritical.All three Nordic states had government authorities charged with inspecting and approving school textbooks. Foreign policy's chief influence on textbooks was not effected by direct oversight, however; instead, it was established indirectly by means of the social climate, which determined what was considered politically correct in the three countries, and it was to this that the textbooks' authors adapted their work.Textbooks are often said to be conservative and slow to change, but the thesis shows that in parts they were politically sensitive, rapidly adapting to changes in what society held to be politically correct.
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