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- Graham, J, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic effects on age-dependent onset and islet cell autoantibody markers in type 1 diabetes
- 2002
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 51:5, s. 1346-1355
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Age-dependent associations between type 1 diabetes risk genes HLA, INS VNTR, and CTLA-4 and autoantibodies to GAD65 (GADAs), ICA512/IA-2, insulin, and islet cells were determined by logistic regression analysis in 971 incident patients with type 1 diabetes and 702 control subjects aged 0–34 years. GADAs were associated with HLA-DQ2 in young but not in older patients (P = 0.009). Autoantibodies to insulin were negatively associated with age (P < 0.0001) but positively associated with DQ8 (P = 0.03) and with INS VNTR (P = 0.04), supporting possible immune tolerance induction. ICA512/IA-2 were negatively associated with age (P < 0.0001) and with DQ2 (P < 0.0001) but positively associated with DQ8 (P = 0.04). Males were more likely than females to be negative for GADA (P < 0.0001), autoantibodies to islet cells (P = 0.04), and all four autoantibody markers (P = 0.004). The CTLA-4 3′ end microsatellite marker was not associated with any of the autoantibodies. We conclude that age and genetic factors such as HLA-DQ and INS VNTR need to be combined with islet autoantibody markers when evaluating the risk for type 1 diabetes development.
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- Diligent, O, et al.
(författare)
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The low-frequency reflection and scattering of the S0 Lamb mode from a circular through-thickness hole in a plate: Finite Element, analytical and experimental studies
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 1520-8524 .- 0001-4966. ; 112:6, s. 2589-2601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of the interaction of the S0 Lamb wave with a circular through-thickness hole in a plate is presented. The study is limited to the nondispersive frequency range of this wave, in which the distributions of stress and displacement are simple. This allows a Finite Element analysis to be undertaken using a two-dimensional membrane discretization. Predictions of the direct reflection of the S0 mode and the lateral scattering of the SH0 mode are made for a range of diameters of the hole. At the same time, an analytical solution based on modal superposition is developed, and this is also used to predict the reflection and scattering coefficients. Both sets of predictions are validated by experimental measurements. It is found that the trends of the reflection coefficients for different hole diameters, frequencies and distances from the hole satisfy a simple normalization. On a detailed scale, the functions exhibit undulations which are shown to result from the interference of the direct reflection with secondary reflections which arrive slightly later.
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- Jones, Richard W., et al.
(författare)
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A framework for intelligent medical diagnosis using the theory of evidence
- 2002
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Ingår i: Knowledge-Based Systems. - 0950-7051 .- 1872-7409. ; 15:1-2, s. 77-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In designing fuzzy logic systems for fault diagnosis, problems can be encountered in the choice of symptoms to use fuzzy operators and an inability to convey the reliability of the diagnosis using just one degree of membership for the conclusion. By turning to an evidential framework, these problems can be resolved whilst still preserving a fuzzy relational model structure. The theory of evidence allows for utilisation of all available information. Relationships between sources of evidence determine appropriate combination rules. By generating belief and plausibility measures it also communicates the reliability of the diagnosis, and completeness of information. In this contribution medical diagnosis is considered using the theory of evidence, in particular the diagnosis of inadequate analgesia is considered
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- Lowe, Michael R., et al.
(författare)
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The length of the CTLA-4 microsatellite (AT)(N)-repeat affects the risk for type 1 diabetes
- 2000
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Ingår i: Autoimmunity. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0891-6934 .- 1607-842X. ; 32:3, s. 173-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CTLA-4 is important to down-regulating T cell responses and has been implicated in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus in both linkage and association studies. The aim of our study was to relate the polymorphic (AT)(n) microsatellite in the 3' untranslated sequence of the CTLA-4 gene to diabetes risk. We studied 616 consecutively diagnosed 0-34 year-old Swedish patients and 502 matched controls by PCR-based genotyping to determine the length of the 3'-end (AT)(n)repeat region of the CTLA-4 gene and categorizing alleles as predominantly monomorphic short (S) or highly polymorphic (in length) long (L) alleles. The odds of type 1 diabetes of subjects with the L/L genotype was estimated to be 1.84 times that of subjects with the S/S genotype (95% CI 1.44-2.73, p=0.002). Further analysis of the long alleles, partitioned into intermediate (I) length and very long (VL) alleles, suggested that L alleles act recessively in conferring diabetes risk (p=0.0009). This study suggests that the 3'-end (AT)(n) repeat region of the CTLA-4 gene represents a recessive risk factor for type 1 diabetes.
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