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- Loy, Johanna K., et al.
(author)
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Changes in Alcoholic Beverage Choice and Risky Drinking among Adolescents in Europe 1999-2019
- 2021
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In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:20
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper explores trends in beverage preference in adolescents, identifies related regional differences, and examines cluster differences in key drinking measures. Data were obtained from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD), covering 24 European countries between 1999 and 2019. Trends in the distribution of alcoholic beverages on the participants’ most recent drinking occasion were analysed by sex and country using fractional multinomial logit regression. Clusters of countries based on trends and predicted beverage proportions were compared regarding the prevalence of drinkers, mean alcohol volume and prevalence of heavy drinking. Four distinct clusters each among girls and boys emerged. Among girls, there was not one type of beverage that was preferred across clusters, but the proportion of cider/alcopops strongly increased over time in most clusters. Among boys, the proportion of beer decreased, but was dominant across time in all clusters. Only northern European countries formed a geographically defined region with the highest prevalence of heavy drinking and average alcohol volume in both genders. Adolescent beverage preferences are associated with mean alcohol volume and heavy drinking at a country-level. Future approaches to drinking cultures need to take subpopulations such as adolescents into account.
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| 2. |
- Loy, Johanna K., et al.
(author)
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Trends in alcohol consumption among adolescents in Europe : Do changes occur in concert?
- 2021
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In: Drug And Alcohol Dependence. - : Elsevier BV. - 0376-8716 .- 1879-0046. ; 228
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The present paper extends the scope of testing Skog's theory on the 'collectivity of drinking culture' to adolescent alcohol use in 26 European countries. The aim was to 1) examine whether changes in adolescent alcohol use are consistent across different consumption levels, and 2) explore whether trends in heavy and light drinkers diverged or converged.Method: Data came from six waves of the cross-sectional European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) between 1999 and 2019. The sample consisted of n = 452,935 students aged 15-16 years. Trends in alcohol volume across consumption levels including abstainers were estimated by quantile regression models (50th, 80th, 90th and 95th percentile). Countries were classified according to trends showing (soft/hard) collectivity or (soft/hard) polarisation. Trends in heavy drinkers were compared with the population trend.Results: Trends in alcohol consumption at different levels across 26 European countries in the period 1999-2019 were not homogeneous. Collective changes were found in 15 (14 soft/1 hard), and polarised trends in 11 countries (5 soft/6 hard). Collectivity was generally associated with a declining trend. In 18 countries, trends in heavy and light drinkers diverged.Conclusion: Accepting some variation in the strength of changes across consumption levels, changes in many European countries occurred in the same direction. Yet, diverging trends at different consumption levels in most countries indicate a less beneficial change in heavy compared with light drinkers, implying that in addition to universal population-level strategies, intervention strategies targeting specific risk groups are needed to prevent alcohol-related harm.
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| 3. |
- Bickl, Andreas M., et al.
(author)
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Changes in gambling behaviour and related problems in clients seeking help in outpatient addiction care : Results from a 36-month follow-up study in Bavaria
- 2021
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In: Journal of Behavioral Addictions. - : Akademiai Kiado Zrt.. - 2062-5871 .- 2063-5303. ; 10:3, s. 690-700
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background and aim: Evidence on the course of gambling disorder (GD) in clients seeking help from outpatient addiction care facilities is sparse. To close this knowledge gap, this longitudinal one-armed cohort study portrays the development of GD in help-seeking clients over a 3-year timeframe.Methods: We investigated changes in severity of GD as well as in gambling frequency and intensity in 145 gamblers in outpatient treatment in Bavaria using generalized estimation equations (GEEs). To investigate potentially different trajectories between study participants with and without migration background (MB), additional analyses were applied with time*migration interaction. All analyses were adjusted for age, gender, education, electronic gambling machine (EGM) gambling, MB, GD, related help sought before and treatment status.Results: Within the entire study population, improvements in severity of GD (reduction of 39.2%), gambling intensity (reduction of 75.6%) and gambling frequency (reduction of 77.0%) were observed between baseline and 36 months of follow-up. The declines were most pronounced between baseline and follow-up 1 and stabilized thereafter. Participants with MB improved consistently less than participants without MB.Discussion and conclusion: Our study suggests that severity of GD and gambling patterns improve in the context of outpatient treatment. The beneficial results furthermore persist for 36 months after treatment termination. As clients with MB seem to profit less than clients without MB, improvements in outpatient gambling services to the specific needs of this clientele are required.
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| 4. |
- Kraus, Ludwig, et al.
(author)
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Altersspezifische Trends des risikoreichen Alkoholkonsums in Deutschland : Parallele oder unterschiedliche Verläufe?
- 2021
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In: Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-9990 .- 1437-1588. ; 64, s. 652-659
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- IntroductionAccording to Skog’s collectivity of drinking cultures theory, changes in alcohol consumption in all groups and strata of the population take place as parallel displacement in the distribution of consumption. The aims of the present paper are (1) to illustrate temporal trends in risky drinking and episodic heavy drinking by age and gender and (2) to examine whether the trends are parallel in all age groups (“collectivity”) or diverge between age groups (“polarisation”).MethodsThe data are based on nine surveys of the Epidemiological Survey of Addiction (ESA) between 1995 and 2018. Risky drinking was defined as daily consumption of more than 12 g (for women) or 24 g (for men) of pure alcohol and episodic heavy drinking as consumption of five or more glasses of alcohol (about 70 g pure alcohol) on at least one day in the past 30 days. Linear regressions were calculated separately for age groups (18–29, 30–39, 40–49, and 50–59 years) and gender to predict the temporal effect on risky drinking or episodic heavy drinking and to test trends for differences.ResultsThe temporal changes of risky drinking by age group show soft collectivity among men and polarisation among women. Trends in episodic heavy drinking indicate polarisation for both genders; while the prevalence increased in the youngest and oldest age groups, it decreased in all other age groups.DiscussionIn light of a general decrease, the increasing trends in risky drinking in specific groups indicate the need for strengthening behavioural prevention. For the positive development to continue and to avoid a trend reversal, public health measures such as alcohol tax increases and reductions of alcohol availability need to be intensified.
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