| 1. |
- Dixon, P. Grady, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on the Synoptic Climate Classification and its Role in Interdisciplinary Research
- 2016
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Ingår i: Geography Compass. - : Wiley. - 1749-8198. ; 10:4, s. 147-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synoptic climatology has a long history of research where weather data are aggregated and composited to gain a better understanding of atmospheric effects on non-atmospheric variables. This has resulted in an applied scientific discipline that yields methods and tools designed for applications across disciplinary boundaries. The spatial synoptic classification (SSC) is an example of such a tool that helps researchers bridge methodological gaps between disciplines, especially those studying weather effects on human health. The SSC has been applied in several multi-discipline projects, and it appears that there is ample opportunity for growth into new topical areas. Likewise, there is opportunity for the SSC network to be expanded across the globe, especially into mid-latitude locations in the Southern Hemisphere. There is some question of the utility of the SSC in tropical locations, but such decisions must be based on the actual weather data from individual locations. Despite all of the strengths and potential uses of the SSC, there are some research problems, some locations, and some datasets for which it is not suitable. Nevertheless, the success of the SSC as a cross-disciplinary method is noteworthy because it has become a catalyst for collaboration.
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| 2. |
- Ganio, Matthew S., et al.
(författare)
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Aerobic Fitness Is Disproportionately Low in Adult Burn Survivors Years After Injury
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Burn Care & Research. - 1559-047X .- 1559-0488. ; 36:4, s. 513-519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A maximal aerobic capacity below the 20th percentile is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (Blair 1995). Adult Adult burn survivors have a lower aerobic capacity compared with nonburned adults when evaluated 38 +/- 23 days postinjury (deLateur 2007). However, it is unknown whether burn survivors with well-healed skin grafts (ie, multiple years postinjury) also have low aerobic capacity. This project tested the hypothesis that aerobic fitness, as measured by maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), is reduced in well-healed adult burn survivors when compared with normative values from nonburned individuals. Twenty-five burn survivors (36 +/- 12 years old; 13 females) with well-healed split-thickness grafts (median, 16 years postinjury; range, 1-51 years) covering at least 17% of their BSA (mean, 40 +/- 16%; range, 17-75%) performed a graded cycle ergometry exercise to test volitional fatigue. Expired gases and minute ventilation were measured via a metabolic cart for the determination of VO2max. Each subject's VO2max was compared with sex- and age-matched normative values from population data published by the American College of Sports Medicine, the American Heart Association, and recent epidemiological data (Aspenes 2011). Subjects had a VO2max of 29.4 +/- 10.1ml O-2/kg body mass/min (median, 27.5; range, 15.9-53.3). The use of American College of Sports Medicine normative values showed that mean VO2max of the subjects was in the lower 24th percentile (median, 10th percentile). A total of 88% of the subjects had a VO2max below American Heart Association age-adjusted normative values. Similarly, 20 of the 25 subjects had a VO2max in the lower 25% percentile of recent epidemiological data. Relative to nongrafted subjects, 80 to 88% of the evaluated skin-graft subjects had a very low aerobic capacity. On the basis of these findings, adult burn survivors are disproportionally unfit relative to the general U.S. population, and this puts them at an increased risk of all-cause mortality (Blair 1995).
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| 3. |
- Ganio, Matthew S., et al.
(författare)
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Nongrafted Skin Area Best Predicts Exercise Core Temperature Responses in Burned Humans
- 2015
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Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 47:10, s. 2224-2232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Grafted skin impairs heat dissipation, but it is unknown to what extent this affects body temperature during exercise in the heat.Purpose: We examined core body temperature responses during exercise in the heat in a group of individuals with a large range of grafts covering their body surface area (BSA; 0%-75%).Methods: Forty-three individuals (19 females) were stratified into groups based on BSA grafted: control (0% grafted, n = 9), 17%-40% (n = 19), and >40% (n = 15). Subjects exercised at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production (339 +/- 70 W; 4.3 +/- 0.8 Wkg(-1)) in an environmental chamber set at 40 degrees C, 30% relative humidity for 90 min or until exhaustion (n = 8). Whole-body sweat rate and core temperatures were measured.Results: Whole-body sweat rates were similar between the groups (control: 14.7 +/- 3.4 mLmin(-1), 17%-40%: 12.6 +/- 4.0 mLmin(-1); and >40%: 11.7 +/- 4.4 mLmin(-1); P > 0.05), but the increase in core temperature at the end of exercise in the >40% BSA grafted group (1.6 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C) was greater than the 17%-40% (1.2 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C) and control (0.9 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C) groups (P < 0.05). Absolute BSA of nongrafted skin (expressed in square meters) was the strongest independent predictor of the core temperature increase (r(2) = 0.41). When regrouping all subjects, individuals with the lowest BSA of nongrafted skin (<1.0 m(2)) had greater increases in core temperature (1.6 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C) than those with more than 1.5 m(2) nongrafted skin (1.0 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C; P < 0.05).Conclusions: These data imply that individuals with grafted skin have greater increases in core temperature when exercising in the heat and that the magnitude of this increase is best explained by the amount of nongrafted skin available for heat dissipation.
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| 4. |
- Hansson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Workload and cross-harvest kidney injury in a Nicaraguan sugarcane worker cohort
- 2019
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Ingår i: Occupational and environmental medicine. - : BMJ. - 1470-7926 .- 1351-0711. ; 76:11, s. 818-826
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between workload and kidney injury in a fieldworker cohort with different levels of physically demanding work over a sugarcane harvest, and to assess whether the existing heat prevention efforts at a leading occupational safety and health programme are sufficient to mitigate kidney injury. METHODS: Biological and questionnaire data were collected before (n=545) and at the end (n=427) of harvest among field support staff (low workload), drip irrigation workers (moderate), seed cutters (high) and burned sugarcane cutters (very high). Dropouts were contacted (87%) and reported the reason for leaving work. Cross-harvest incident kidney injury (IKI) was defined as serum creatinine increase ≥0.30 mg/dL or ≥1.5 times the baseline value, or among dropouts reporting kidney injury leading to leaving work. RESULTS: Mean cross-harvest estimated glomerular filtration rate change was significantly associated with workload, increasing from 0 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the low-moderate category to -5 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the high and -9 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the very high workload group. A similar pattern occurred with IKI, where low-moderate workload had 2% compared with 27% in the very high workload category. A healthy worker selection effect was detected, with 32% of dropouts reporting kidney injury. Fever and C reactive protein elevation were associated with kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS: Workers considered to have the highest workload had more cross-harvest kidney damage than workers with less workload. Work practices preventing heat stress should be strengthened and their role in preventing kidney damage examined further. Future occupational studies on chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology should account for a healthy worker effect by pursuing those lost to follow-up.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Lucas, Rebekah A. I., et al.
(författare)
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Age-related changes to cardiac systolic and diastolic function during whole-body passive hyperthermia
- 2015
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Ingår i: Experimental Physiology. - : Wiley. - 0958-0670 .- 1469-445X. ; 100:4, s. 422-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New Findings What is the central question of this study? The effect of ageing on hyperthermia-induced changes in cardiac function is unknown. What is the main finding and its importance? Using echocardiography, we show that during hyperthermia the systolic and diastolic function can be appropriately augmented to meet cardiac demand in healthy older adults, although overall age-related impairments remain. One exception was late diastolic ventricular filling [i.e. E/A ratio and A/(A+E) ratio], which in the older adults was not further augmented during hyperthermia, unlike their young counterparts. To meet cardiac demand, therefore, healthy older adults appear to depend on an increased left ventricular systolic strain and proportion of their cardiac reserve. The effect of ageing on hyperthermia-induced changes in cardiac function is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that hyperthermia-induced changes in left ventricular systolic and diastolic function are attenuated in older adults when compared with young adults. Eight older (71 +/- 5years old) and eight young adults (29 +/- 5years old), matched for sex, physical activity and body mass index, underwent whole-body passive hyperthermia. Mean arterial pressure (Finometer Pro), heart rate, forearm vascular conductance (venous occlusion plethysmography) and echocardiographic indices of diastolic and systolic function were measured during a normothermic supine period and again after an increase in internal temperature of approximate to 1.0 degrees C. Hyperthermia decreased mean arterial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic volumes and increased heart rate to a similar extent in both groups (P>0.05). Ageing did not alter the magnitude of hyperthermia-induced changes in indices of systolic (lateral mitral annular S velocity) or diastolic function (lateral mitral annular E velocity, peak early diastolic filling and isovolumic relaxation time; P>0.05). However, with hyperthermia the global longitudinal systolic strain increased in the older group, but was unchanged in the young group (P=0.03). Also, older adults were unable to augment late diastolic ventricular filling [i.e. E/A ratio and A/(A+E) ratio] during hyperthermia, unlike the young (P<0.05). These findings indicate that older adults depend on a greater systolic contribution (global longitudinal systolic strain) to meet hyperthermic demand and that the atrial contribution to diastolic filling was not further augmented in older adults when compared with young adults.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Quam, Vivian G M, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Health Co-Benefits : A Structured Review of Lifestyle-Related Climate Change Mitigation Strategies
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 14:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is the first structured review to identify and summarize research on lifestyle choices that improve health and have the greatest potential to mitigate climate change. Two literature searches were conducted on: (1) active transport health co-benefits, and (2) dietary health co-benefits. Articles needed to quantify both greenhouse gas emissions and health or nutrition outcomes resulting from active transport or diet changes. A data extraction tool (PRISMA) was created for article selection and evaluation. A rubric was devised to assess the biases, limitations and uncertainties of included articles. For active transport 790 articles were retrieved, nine meeting the inclusion criteria. For diet 2524 articles were retrieved, 23 meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 31 articles were reviewed and assessed using the rubric, as one article met the inclusion criteria for both active transport and diet co-benefits. Methods used to estimate the effect of diet or active transport modification vary greatly precluding meta-analysis. The scale of impact on health and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) outcomes depends predominately on the aggressiveness of the diet or active transport scenario modelled, versus the modelling technique. Effective mitigation policies, infrastructure that supports active transport and low GHGE food delivery, plus community engagement are integral in achieving optimal health and GHGE outcomes. Variation in culture, nutritional and health status, plus geographic density will determine which mitigation scenario(s) best suit individual communities.
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| 9. |
- Schlader, Zachary J., et al.
(författare)
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Baroreceptor unloading does not limit forearm sweat rate during severe passive heat stress
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 118:4, s. 449-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study tested the hypothesis that sweat rate during passive heat stress is limited by baroreceptor unloading associated with heat stress. Two protocols were performed in which healthy subjects underwent passive heat stress that elicited an increase in intestinal temperature of similar to 1.8 degrees C. Upon attaining this level of hyperthermia, in protocol 1 (n = 10, 3 females) a bolus (19 ml/kg) of warm (similar to 38 degrees C) isotonic saline was rapidly (5-10 min) infused intravenously to elevate central venous pressure (CVP), while in protocol 2 (n = 11, 5 females) phenylephrine was infused intravenously (60-120 mu g/min) to return mean arterial pressure (MAP) to normothermic levels. In protocol 1, heat stress reduced CVP from 3.9 +/- 1.9 mmHg (normothermia) to -0.6 +/- 1.4 mmHg (P < 0.001), while saline infusion returned CVP to normothermic levels (5.1 +/- 1.7 mmHg; P > 0.999). Sweat rate was elevated by heat stress (1.21 +/- 0.44 mg.cm(-2).min(-1)) but remained unchanged during rapid saline infusion (1.26 +/- 0.47 mg.cm(-2).min(-1), P = 0.5), whereas cutaneous vascular conductance increased from 77 +/- 10 to 101 +/- 20% of local heating max (P = 0.029). In protocol 2, MAP was reduced with heat stress from 85 +/- 7 mmHg to 76 +/- 8 mmHg (P = 0.048). Although phenylephrine infusion returned MAP to normothermic levels (88 +/- 7 mmHg; P > 0.999), sweat rate remained unchanged during phenylephrine infusion (1.39 +/- 0.22 vs. 1.41 +/- 0.24 mg.cm(-2).min(-1); P > 0.999). These data indicate that both cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreceptor unloading do not limit increases in sweat rate during passive heat stress.
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| 10. |
- Venugopal, Vidhya, et al.
(författare)
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Occupational Heat Stress Profiles in Selected Workplaces in India
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health and productivity impacts from occupational heat stress have significant ramifications for the large workforce of India. This study profiled occupational heat stress impacts on the health and productivity of workers in select organized and unorganized Indian work sectors. During hotter and cooler seasons, Wet Bulb Globe Temperatures (WBGT) were used to quantify the risk of heat stress, according to International workplace guidelines. Questionnaires assessed workers' perceived health and productivity impacts from heat stress. A total of 442 workers from 18 Indian workplaces participated (22% and 78% from the organized and unorganized sector, respectively). Overall 82% and 42% of workers were exposed to higher than recommended WBGT during hotter and cooler periods, respectively. Workers with heavy workloads reported more heat-related health issues (chi square = 23.67, p <= 0.001) and reduced productivity (chi square = 15.82, p <= 0.001), especially the outdoor workers. Heat-rashes, dehydration, heat-syncope and urinogenital symptoms were self-reported health issues. Cited reasons for productivity losses were: extended-work hours due to fatigue/exhaustion, sickness/hospitalization and wages lost. Reducing workplace heat stress will benefit industries and workers via improving worker health and productivity. Adaptation and mitigation measures to tackle heat stress are imperative to protect the present and future workforce as climate change progresses.
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