| 1. |
- Kyle, RA, et al.
(författare)
-
Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group
- 2003
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Haematology. - : Wiley. - 0007-1048. ; 121:5, s. 749-757
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The monoclonal gammopathies are a group of disorders associated with monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. The characterization of specific entities is an area of difficulty in clinical practice. The International Myeloma Working Group has reviewed the criteria for diagnosis and classification with the aim of producing simple, easily used definitions based on routinely available investigations. In monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or monoclonal gammopathy, unattributed/unassociated (MG[u]), the monoclonal protein is < 30 g/l and the bone marrow clonal cells < 10% with no evidence of multiple myeloma, other B-cell proliferative disorders or amyloidosis. In asymptomatic (smouldering) myeloma the M-protein is greater than or equal to 30 g/l and/or bone marrow clonal cells greater than or equal to 10% but no related organ or tissue impairment (ROTI)(end-organ damage), which is typically manifested by increased calcium, renal insufficiency, anaemia, or bone lesions (CRAB) attributed to the plasma cell proliferative process. Symptomatic myeloma requires evidence of ROTI. Non-secretory myeloma is characterized by the absence of an M-protein in the serum and urine, bone marrow plasmacytosis and ROTI. Solitary plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma and multiple solitary plasmacytomas (+/- recurrent) are also defined as distinct entities. The use of these criteria will facilitate comparison of therapeutic trial data. Evaluation of currently available prognostic factors may allow better definition of prognosis in multiple myeloma.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Dorch, S B F, et al.
(författare)
-
Small-scale magnetic fields on late-type M-dwarfs
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Astronomical Notes - Astronomische Nachrichten. - 0004-6337. ; 323:3-4, s. 402-406
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We performed kinematic studies of the evolution of small-scale magneticfields in the surface layers of M-dwarfs. We solved the inductionequation for a prescribed velocity field, magnetic Reynolds number ReM,and boundary conditions in a Cartesian box, representing a volumecomprising the optically thin stellar atmosphere and the uppermost partof the optically thick convective envelope. The velocity field isspatially and temporally variable, and stems from detailedradiation-hydrodynamics simulations of convective flows in aproto-typical late-type M-dwarf (Teff =2800pun {K}, logg =5.0, solarchemical composition, spectral type ~M6). We find dynamo action for ReM>= 400. Growth time scales of the magnetic field are comparable tothe convective turn-over time scale (~ 150pun {sec}). The convectivevelocity field concentrates the magnetic field in sheets and tubularstructures in the inter-granular downflows. Scaling from solarconditions suggests that field strengths as high as 20pun{kG} might bereached locally. Perhaps surprisingly, ReM is of order unity in thesurface layers of cooler M-dwarfs, rendering the dynamo inoperative. Inall studied cases we find a rather low spatial filling factor of themagnetic field.
|
|
| 5. |
- Kron, J., et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of numerical simulation models for predicting temperature in solidification analysis with reference to air gap formation
- 2004
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Cast Metals Research. - : Maney Publishing. - 1364-0461 .- 1743-1336. ; 17:5, s. 295-310
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As a result of its influence on heat transfer between cast part and mould, air gap formation is an important problem for many casting processes. The general explanation for gap formation is that, as a result of stresses and distortions that are created from inhomogeneous cooling, shrinkage of the casting and expansion of the mould occur. In this paper, different thermomechanical approaches are applied to a well defined casting process using three commercial and one in-house codes and their predictions are compared with experimental findings. The experimental data were obtained from the solidification and subsequent cooling of cylindrical castings of eutectic Al-13% Si and ternary Al-7% Si-0.3% Mg alloys. Based on these findings, the major differences between the predictions of the models and the actual formation of the air gap are discussed.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
