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- Lund, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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Frequent transmission of enterococcal strains between mechanically ventilated patients treated at an intensive care unit
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. - 0095-1137 .- 1098-660X. ; 40:6, s. 2084-2088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objectives of this investigation were to study the respiratory tract colonization and transmission of enterococci between 20 patients treated with mechanical ventilation at an intensive care unit (ICU), to compare genotyping with phenotyping, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolated enterococci. Samples were collected from the oropharynx, stomach, subglottic space, and trachea within 24 It of intubation, every third day until day 18, and thereafter every fifth day until day 33. Enterococcal isolates (n = 170) were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and with the PhenePlate (PhP) system. The antimicrobial susceptibilities to five agents were determined. Seventeen of the 20 subjects were colonized with enterococci in the respiratory tract; 12 were colonized in the lower respiratory tract. Genotype analyses suggested that 13 patients were involved in a transmission event, including all patients intubated more than 12 days. In conclusion, colonization of resistant enterococci in the respiratory tract of intubated patients treated at an ICU was common. Transmission of enterococci between patients occurred frequently. Prolonged intubation period seems to be a risk factor for enterococcal cross-transmission.
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- Lund, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Glomerular filtration rate dependence of sieving of albumin and some neutral proteins in rat kidneys
- 2003
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Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology: Renal, Fluid and Electrolyte Physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 0363-6127. ; 284:6, s. 1226-1234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The size and charge-selective properties of the glomerular barrier are partly controversial. Glomerular sieving coefficients (theta) for proteins have rarely been determined noninvasively before in vivo. Therefore, theta was assessed vs. glomerular filtration rate (GFR; Cr-51-EDTA clearance) in intact rats for radiolabeled myoglobin, kappa-dimer, neutral horseradish peroxidase (nHRP), neutral human serum albumin (nHSA), and native albumin (HSA). To obtain theta, glomerular tracer clearance, assessed from the 7- to 8-min kidney uptake of protein, was divided by the GFR. The data were fitted with a two-pore model of glomerular permeability, where the small-pore radius was 37.35 +/- 1.11(SE) Angstrom, and the "unrestricted pore area over diffusion path length" (A(0)/DeltaX) 1.84 +/- 0.43 . 10(6) cm. Although seemingly horizontal for nHRP and nHSA, the log theta vs. GFR curves showed slightly negative slopes for the proteins investigated in the GFR interval of 2-4.5 ml/min. Strong negative ( linear) correlations between ( log) theta and GFR were obtained for myoglobin (P = 0.002) and HSA (P = 0.006), whereas they were relatively weak for nHRP and nHSA and nonsignificant for kappa-dimer. theta for nHSA was markedly higher than that for HSA. In conclusion, there were no indications of increases in theta vs. GFR, as indicative of concentration polarization, for the proteins investigated at high GFRs. Furthermore, the glomerular small-pore radius assessed from endogenous (neutral) protein sieving data was found to be smaller than previously determined using dextran or Ficoll as test molecules.
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- Sandholm, Anna, 1966-
(författare)
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Metabolism of some polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in the rat
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For the understanding of the metabolic fate of xenobiotics, in vivo studies are needed. In this thesis the metabolism of CB-28 and CB-77 and BDE-209 in the rat are determined. In addition, pharmacokinetic studies of CB-28 and BDE- 209 are included. The compounds were radiolabelled and their excretion and tissue distribution determined. The metabolites were characterised by their behaviour in the clean-up steps. The analysis of non-conjugated metabolites was performed by GC/MS. For other metabolites, HPLC with radioactivity monitoring and LC/MS were used for the characterisation. The absorption of BDE-209 has previously been reported to be low, <1%. In this work the bioavailability of BDE-209 was determined to be as high as 26% and strong indications that its absorption was even higher. Lipophilic compounds are generally distributed to lipid-rich tissues. CB-28 was rapidly distributed to adipose tissue, which over time had the highest concentration. BDE-209 was not readily distributed to adipose tissue, the liver and plasma showing the highest concentrations instead. Selective distribution can be explained by selective affinity for certain tissue proteins. Orthohydroxylated CB-28 metabolite was selectively retained in the brain. There were indications that hydroxylated BDE-209 metabolites were selectively retained in plasma. The terminal half-life of BDE-209 in rat plasma was 57 h and metabolism and faecal excretion the major routes of elimination.Common for all compounds was that the metabolic pathway included reactive metabolites. Non-extractable, water-soluble and lipid-bound metabolites were also found. For CB-77, the lipid-bound metabolites were studied and these were shown to be associated to polar lipids, e.g. phospholipids. There were indications that they were formed in the liver.In conclusion, this thesis discusses the metabolism of two PCB congeners and BDE-209. The importances of metabolism studies are emphasised for risk assessment and the understanding of levels in biota. The clearance, metabolism and distribution of a compound are essential for an understanding of biological and toxicological effects.
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