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- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Selectivity and internal migration: A study of refugees’ dispersal policy in Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: 18th Nordic Migration Conference – “Migration and social inequality: Global perspectives – new boundaries”. 11-12 August 2016 Oslo, Norway.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Following the intensified waves of refugees to Europe, dispersal policies of newly arrived immigrants are proposed for speeding up their integration in the hosting societies and for distributing the financial burden associated with it across the EU countries. However, the economic theory of migration suggests that economic immigrants are self-selected to destinations based on their abilities. Highly skilled people tend to migrate to labor markets with a broader opportunities structure, while less capable individuals choose markets that are more sheltered. Therefore, if refugees also show some patterns of selectivity when making their destination choice, the effectiveness of such policy depends on the extent to which refugees tend to stay in their initial location and their degree of selectivity. We used a quasi-experiment to examine whether the economic theory of migration applies not only to economic immigrants, but to refugees as well. We focus on refugee cohorts who came to Sweden during a period when a "Whole-Sweden" policy was applied. This policy was designed to reduce the concentration of refugees in mainly large cities by randomly deploying asylum seekers in almost all municipalities within Sweden. A few years after their initial assigned location, those refugees were given a choice whether to stay in their assigned location, or to move to another place within Sweden. This allows us to examine refugees’ self-selection patterns within Sweden and their effect on their subsequent economic assimilation. We use individual register data from Statistics Sweden to study refugees who arrived in Sweden during 1990-1993 and we follow them during a 6-year period from the time they received residency. We use discreet time survival analysis in order to assess the effect of abilities on destination choice of refugees, and lagged dependent models to assess their wage and income growth. The results suggest that refugees affected by that policy are more likely to move within Sweden relative to immigrants that were not affected by it. Furthermore, refugees’ education levels are found to be related to major differences in their destination choices. Highly skilled refugees are more likely to migrate to labor markets with wide structured opportunities and with high levels of inequality relative to less skilled ones. However, it seems that destination choices have implications on disposable income but not on wages. These findings may indicate that the choice of internal migration is mainly influenced by welfare maximization rather than wage maximization.
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| 4. |
- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Self-Selection and Host Country Context in the Economic Assimilation of Political Refugees in the United States, Sweden, and Israel
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Migration Review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0197-9183 .- 1747-7379. ; 52:2, s. 534-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 Center for Migration Studies, New York, Inc.We study the interplay between host countries' characteristics and self-selection patterns in relation to refugees' economic assimilation using a natural experiment in which immigrants from one region migrated to three destinations under similar circumstances. We focus on emigrants fleeing from Argentina and Chile during the military regimes there to the United States, Sweden, and Israel. We find that those refugees show patterns of selection and assimilation similar to those of economic immigrants. Immigrants to the United States and Israel exhibit better selection patterns and consequently faster assimilation than immigrants to Sweden even considering the positive effect of the Swedish market structure.
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| 5. |
- Collin, Kristoffer, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring regional wage dispersion in Swedish manufacturing, 1860–2009
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 67:3, s. 249-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Economic theory predicts that regional wages will converge as transport and communication technologies bring labour markets together. An exploration of this transition from labour market segmentation to unification requires long-term evidence of nominal wages and cost of living by region. This paper presents new evidence of wages for male manufacturing workers and cost-of-living indices across 24 Swedish counties between 1860 and 2009. Our findings indicate that the Swedish regional wage differentials were a great deal larger in the 1860s than in the 2000s. Most of the compression took place between the 1860s and World War I, as well as in the 1930s and during World War II. Differences in expenditures on housing impact on our assessment of convergence in the post-World War II decades: the nominal measure declines, while the real one stays constant. Our concluding discussion engages with the assumption that before World War I, regional wage convergence was associated with labour mobility, spurred by improved communication and transportation technologies as well as by the implementation of modern employment contracts. In the 1930s and 1940s, in contrast, regional wage convergence can be traced to high unionisation and centralised collective bargaining in the labour market, two distinguishing features of the Swedish Model.
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| 7. |
- Haberfeld, Yitchak, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Economic assimilation of immigrants arriving from highly developed countries: The case of German immigrants in Sweden and the US : IFAU Working paper 2017:26
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Migration across well-developed countries has been overlooked in the immigration literature. The present study is designed to evaluate the interplay between the effects of host countries' characteristics and self-selection patterns of immigrants from a highly developed country on their economic assimilation in other developed countries. We focus on immigrants originated from Germany during 1990–2000 who migrated to Sweden and the US. We use the 5 percent 2000 Public Use Microdata files (PUMS) of the US census and a pooled file of the 2005–2007 American Community Survey, and the 2000 and 2006 Swedish Registers. We analyze eight groups of German immigrants – by country of destination (the US/ Sweden), gender, and skill level (with/without an academic degree). The results show that almost all German immigrants reached full earnings assimilation with natives of similar observed attributes, and that the assimilation of highly skilled Germans was better than that of the low skilled. We also found that the skilled immigrants were compensated for their human capital acquired in Germany prior to their migration. Finally, we find that despite higher educational levels of the Germans that headed to Sweden, the better assimilation of German immigrants, especially the highly educated, took place in the US. The better assimilation of Germans in the US was probably the result of an interaction between the Germans’ pattern of self-selection (mainly on unobserved attributes) and the US context of reception – mainly higher returns on their observed human capital in the US.
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| 8. |
- Haberfeld, Yitchak, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Selectivity and internal migration: A study of refugees’ dispersal policy in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Sociology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2297-7775. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the intensified waves of refugees entering Europe, dispersal policies for newly arrived refugees have been proposed to speed up their integration and to share the financial burden across and within the EU countries. The effectiveness of dispersal policies depends, among other factors, on the extent to which refugees tend to stay in the initial location they are assigned to live in, and on their patterns of self-selectivity during subsequent moves of internal migration. Economic theories of migration suggest that economic immigrants are self-selected to destinations based on their abilities. Highly skilled and motivated people tend to migrate to labor markets with broader opportunity structures, while less capable individuals choose markets that are more sheltered. We use a quasi-experimental design to examine the extent to which those theories are first, applicable to refugees as well, and second, explain their self-sorting into local labor markets at destination. We focus on a refugee cohort that came to Sweden during the period when the so-called “Whole-Sweden” policy was in effect. This policy was designed to reduce the concentration of refugees in the larger cities by randomly deploying asylum seekers across Sweden. After being assigned to an initial location, refugees could move freely within Sweden. We use individual register data from Statistics Sweden to study all refugees who arrived in Sweden during 1990–1993, and we follow each one of them during an 8-year period. We use discrete-time survival analysis (complementary log-log models) in order to assess the effects of abilities on the destination choices of refugees, and individual fixed-effect models to assess the effects of internal migration on their income. Destinations were defined on the basis of the economic opportunities they offer. The results suggest that refugees’ education levels are related to major differences in their destination choices. Highly skilled refugees were more likely to migrate to labor markets with a wide structure of opportunities relative to less skilled refugees. In addition, all relocation choices had positive effects on refugees’ income growth.
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