| 1. |
- Allard, Per, et al.
(författare)
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[Inventory of geriatric psychiatry in Sweden. In short supply where demand does not determine resource allocation].
- 2000
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 97:24, s. 2976-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1999 The Swedish Society for Old Age Psychiatry conducted an investigation in all Swedish counties in order to survey existing organizations and resources for medical services intended for elderly people with psychiatric complaints. In some counties there were no out-patient units specifically aimed at elderly people with psychiatric diseases, while more than half had no out-patient units for the large group of elderly with psychiatric ailments other than dementia. The total number of beds was far less than international recommendations. Less than 5 per cent of the total number of Swedish psychiatrists and geriatricians hold positions exclusively for geriatric psychiatry. Access to geriatric psychiatry resources appears to be unevenly distributed, and may be found mainly in or near university cities.
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| 2. |
- Coullerez, G., et al.
(författare)
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Cationization of dendritic macromolecule adsorbates on metals studied by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
- 2003
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Ingår i: Surface and Interface Analysis. - : Wiley. - 0142-2421 .- 1096-9918. ; 35:8, s. 682-692
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was utilized to study dendritic macromolecules with various architectures, such as dendrons, dendrimers and hyperbranched polyesters prepared from bis-(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (Bis-MPA) and a series of hyperbranched polyethers based on 3-ethyl-3(hydroxymethyl)oxetane. The measurements were performed on spin-coated thin films of the branched molecules (D) onto silicon, chemically etched copper foil and silver-coated wafers. They showed weak signatures of molecular ions by proton capture (D + H)(+) in the high mass range of the spectra (m/z > 400). On the contrary, cationization of the intact molecules with alkali or transition metal ions such as Na+, Cu+ or Ag+ was observed. High-intensity quasi-molecular ions (D + M)(+) (with M = Na+, Cu+ or Ag+) allowed the studied polymers to be identified. The whole molecular species were observed for Bis-MPA dendrons and dendrimers up to 3000 Da for hydroxyl or acetonide-terminated derivatives. The success of the so-called cationization experiments with metal substrates compared with analysis of molecular adsorbates on silicon is highlighted. The ToF-SIMS sensitivity appeared useful to provide information about the molecular end-groups or to highlight incomplete reaction occurring during some deprotection step of the synthesis. Only uncationized fragments of low masses were detected for the hyperbranched polyesters. This result suggested the effect of molecular asymmetry and/or flattening of the molecules on the substrates, which hampered the molecule lift-off efficiency. Nevertheless, the hyperbranched polyethers were characterized based on the peak distribution of intensities, which allowed estimation of their molecular weight average. This work was intended to illustrate the capabilities of ToF-SIMS to analyse dendritic polymers on surfaces.
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| 3. |
- Coullerez, G., et al.
(författare)
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Insights into ToF-SIMS analysis of dendritic macromolecules : cationization and PCA to probe their molecular weight on surfaces
- 2003
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 203, s. 620-624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is utilized to study dendrons, dendrimers and hyperbranched derivatives prepared from the 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-MPA) or the 3-ethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane (TMPO). We show that the cationization experiments of the intact molecules with alkali or metal ions such as Na+, Cu+ or Ag+ allow to detect whole molecular species up to 3000 Da (low generation). It allows to probe directly their molecular TM weight and end-functionality. However, when the molecule lift-off fails for series of hyperbranched polyesters Boltorn(TM), the fingerprint part of the SIMS spectra (m/z < 300 Da) is instead used. The low-mass fragments are mainly assigned to the bis-MP repeating unit. Ions due to the core molecule are also distinguished. Data treatment is combined with the principal component analysis (PCA) multivariate statistical method to highlight the main differences between the spectra. Only one principal component (PC1) is needed to describe most of the variance between the samples taking into account the generation effect. PC1 plotted as a function of the molecular weight gives a calibration curve. Normalization of the data set by ion intensities from the core molecule allows the linearization of the SIMS intensities vs. the molecular weight.
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| 4. |
- Coullerez, G., et al.
(författare)
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ToF-SIMS for the characterization of hyperbranched aliphatic polyesters : probing their molecular weight on surfaces based on principal component analysis (PCA)
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Surface and Interface Analysis. - : Wiley. - 0142-2421 .- 1096-9918. ; 35:8, s. 693-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (Bis-MPA) hyperbranched aliphatic polyesters with different molecular weights (generations) is analysed for the first time by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The main negative and positive low-mass fragments are identified in the fingerprint part of the spectra (m/z < 400) and are principally assigned to fragmentation of the Bis-MPA repeating units. In addition, it is shown that the fragmentation pattern is highly affected by the functional end-groups. This is illustrated for a phthalic acid end-capped hyperbranched polymer and for an acetonide-terminated dendrimer analog. Also, typical fragments assigned to the ethoxylated pentaerythritol core molecule are detected. These ions show decreasing intensities with increasing molecular weight. This intensity dependency on the generation is used to calibrate the molecular weight of hyperbranched polyesters on the surface. To obtain quantitative information, a principal component analysis WCA) multivariate statistical method is applied to the ToF-SIMS data. The influence of different normalization procedures prior to PCA calculation is tested, e.g. normalization to the total intensity, to the intensities of ions assigned to the Bis-MPA repeating unit or to intensities of fragments due to the core molecule. It is shown that only one principal component (PC1) is needed to describe most of the variance between the samples. In addition, PC1 takes into account the generation effect. However, different relationships between the PC1 scores and the hyperbranched mass average molecular weights are observed depending on the normalization procedure used. Normalization of data set ion intensities by ion intensities from the core molecule allows linearization of the SIMS intensities versus the molecular weight and allows the hyperbranched polymers to be discriminated up to the highest generations. In addition, PCA applied to ToF-SIMS data provides an extended interpretation of the spectra leading to further identification of the correlated mass peaks, such as those of the Bis-MPA repeating unit (terminal, dendritic and linear) and those of the core molecule. Finally, the work presented demonstrates the extreme potential of the static ToF-SIMS and PCA techniques in the analysis of dendritic molecules on solid surfaces.
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| 5. |
- Kemmer, D., et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the foundation of genomics : a Northern blot reference set for the comparative analysis of transcript profiling technologies
- 2004
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Ingår i: Comparative and functional genomics. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1531-6912 .- 1532-6268. ; 5:8, s. 584-595
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we aim to create a reference data collection of Northern blot results and demonstrate how such a collection can enable a quantitative comparison of modern expression profiling techniques, a central component of functional genomics studies. Historic ally, Northern blots were the de facto standard for determining RNA transcript levels. However, driven by the demand for analysis of large sets of genes in parallel, high-throughput methods, such as microarrays, dominate modern profiling efforts. To facilitate assessment of these methods, in comparison to Northern blots, we created a database of published Northern results obtained with a standardized commercial multiple tissue blot (dbMTN). In order to demonstrate the utility of the dbMTN collection for technology comparison, we also generated expression profiles for genes across a set of human tissues, using multiple profiling techniques. No method produced profiles that were strongly correlated with the Northern blot data. The highest correlations to the Northern blot data were determined with microarrays for the subset of genes observed to be specifically expressed in a single tissue in the Northern analyses. The database and expression profiling data are available via the project website (http://www.cisreg.ca). We believe that emphasis on multitechnique validation of expression profiles is justified, as the correlation results between platforms are not encouraging on the whole. Supplementary material for this article can be found at: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1531-6912/suppmat
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