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- Gerhardsson, Lars, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Lead concentrations in cortical and trabecular bones in deceased smelter workers.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS). - : Elsevier BV. - 0946-672X .- 1878-3252. ; 19:2-3, s. 209-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to compare bone lead concentrations in cortical and trabecular bones in long-term exposed primary copper and lead smelter workers, and to relate the measured concentrations to the previous lead exposure of the workers. Lead concentrations in seven bones (trabecular: sternum, vertebrae, iliac crest, rib; cortical: femur, left forefinger, and temporal bone) were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in 32 male, long-term exposed copper and lead smelter workers, and compared with levels in 10 male occupationally unexposed reference persons. A time-integrated blood lead index (cumulative blood lead index, CBLI) was calculated for each worker. The lead levels in the seven studied bones were all significantly higher in active and retired lead workers as compared with the reference group (p
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| 2. |
- Lundström, Nils-Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Lung cancer development in primary smelter workers: a nested case-referent study.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 48:4, s. 376-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to study the impact of work-related exposure to mainly arsenic and lead versus smoking in primary smelter workers developing lung cancer. METHODS: In a cohort of 3979 primary smelter workers, 46 subjects had contracted respiratory malignancies. They were compared with 141 age-matched male referents by conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Cases showed a significantly higher smoking rate as compared with referents: odds ratio (OR) = 4.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6-10.1; P = 0.003. When restricted to smokers (33 cases, 63 referents), the cumulative air arsenic exposure index, but not the lead exposure indices, was significantly higher among the cases: OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.02-1.11; P = 0.005. CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative arsenic exposure and smoking were identified as risk factors for the development of lung cancer; lead exposure, however, was not.
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| 3. |
- Lundström, Nils-Göran, 1946-
(författare)
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Mortality and morbidity in lead smelter workers with concomitant exposure to arsenic
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Arsenic is a well-known lung carcinogen in humans. In 2006, IARC upgraded inorganic lead as a possible human carcinogen (2A). The aim of this thesis has been to evaluate the lung cancer mortality and incidence in long-term exposed primary lead smelter workers and also to estimate present exposures to arsenic and lead in relation to those occurring in the past. The basic cohort (N=3832 workers; hired before 1967 and followed up from 1950-1981; SMR comparisons with general and local reference populations) showed an excess of deaths for total mortality, malignant neoplasms (e.g. lung and stomach cancer), ischaemic heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases compared to the general population. In a subcohort of lead workers (N=437; regular blood lead sampling since 1950) only the raised SMR for lung cancer (162) was sustained. In a follow-up study of the basic cohort (N=3979), a subcohort of lead exposed workers (N=1992) was formed. The expected mortality in 1955-1987 and cancer incidence in 1958-1987 were calculated relative to county rates. A cumulative blood lead index (CBLI) was used for dose-response analyses. The lung cancer incidence was raised in the total cohort (SIR 2.8; 95 % CI 2.1 3.8). A higher lung cancer risk was observed in workers hired before 1950 (SIR 3.6; 95 % CI 2.6-5.0). The increased lung cancer risks were further elevated in the subcohort of lead exposed workers, especially in the highest exposed subgroup (SIR 5.1; 95 % 2.0-10.5; latency period of 15 y). No excesses of other malignancies were observed. The increased relative risks for lung cancer may have been caused by interactions between inorganic lead and other substances at the smelter, e.g. arsenic. To further analyze the effects from inorganic lead, two subcohorts of workers at the lead departments were formed from the original cohort (N=3979), one of 710 workers and the other of 383 workers. The lung cancer incidence was raised in both subcohorts (Lead subcohort 1; SIR 2.4; 95 % CI 1.2-4.5; Lead subcohort 2; SIR 3.6; 95 % CI 1.2-8.3). Among the 10 workers that had developed lung cancer in lead subcohort 1 all but one had a considerable exposure also to arsenic. Thus, a possible interaction effect between lead and arsenic may explain the increased lung cancer risks. To further elucidate the impact from lead and arsenic a case control study was undertaken. In the basic cohort (N=3979), 46 male workers had contracted respiratory malignancies. They were compared with 141 agematched male referents from the primary smelter by conditional logistic regression analysis using smoking habits, cumulative blood lead and air arsenic exposure as predictor variables. The lung cancer cases showed a significantly higher smoking rate than referents (Odds ratio, OR = 4.0; 95 % CI 1.6-10.1; p=0.003). When restricted to smokers, the cumulative arsenic air exposure index, but not the lead exposure indices, were significantly higher among the cases (OR=1.07; 95 % CI 1.02-1.11; p = 0.005). Accordingly, cumulative arsenic exposure and smoking were identified as significant risk factors for the development of lung cancer in the final analyses, while lead exposure was not a significant risk factor. However, inorganic lead still may play a minor role in the multifactorial genesis of lung cancer. These studies describe risks from exposures occurring from time periods before 1950 up to 1981. Because of the long latency period for lung cancer, exposures after 1970 probably have had limited impact on the reported results. Compared to the levels in the early 1970´s present exposures to arsenic are lower by a factor of ten or more and risks probably correspondingly lower.
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| 4. |
- Nordberg, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Hälsoeffekter av svaveldioxid : en litteraturstudie med betoning på de senaste årens publikationer
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Föreliggande rapport sammanfattar WHO:s senaste riktlinjer (WHO 2006) för luftkvalitet.Vidare redovisas en litteraturstudie rörande publikationer under de senaste åren angåendeexponering för SO2 och olika hälsoeffekter särskilt astma.Bakgrunden till rapporten är det beslut angående Boliden AB´s verksamhet vidRönnskärsverken som träffades i Koncessionsnämnden 1998 06 16. I det kontrollprogramsom föreskrevs av Koncessionsnämnden skall ingå undersökningar hur korttidsvärden avsvaveldioxid varierar samt en karaktärisering av stoftutsläpp från verksamheten.Utförda mätningar av SO2 under slutet av 1990-talet och början av 2000-talet innebär intenågot överskridande av gällande miljökvalitetsnorm. Eftersom denna norm bygger på tidigarepublicerad vetenskaplig litteratur är det angeläget att undersöka om nyare studier geranledning till större restriktivitet angående utsläpp av SO2.WHO har uppdaterat sina riktlinjer för luftkvalitet (WHO 2006). Enligt de nya riktlinjernarekommenderas gräns för luftföroreningar (SO2) till 20 μg/m3 som 24 timmars medelvärdeoch 500 μg/m3 som tio minuters medelvärde.Det är väl känt sedan tidigare att det finns ett samband mellan astmasymtom och exponeringför SO2 i luftföroreningar. Det har dock rått oklarhet om SO2 kan förorsaka astma eller om detär så att astmaanfall utlöses av förhöjda SO2 nivåer i luften hos personer som fått astma avandra anledningar.En rad epidemiologiska studier, som delvis omnämns i föreliggande rapport, har visat påsamband mellan korttidshalter av SO2 och andra luftföroreningar och sjukhusinläggningar.Den genomförda litteraturgenomgången visar att ett avsevärt antal studier finns publiceradeunder de senaste åren angående luftföroreningar, särskilt SO2 och astma. Det framgår i mångaav dessa studier att en ökning av astmasymtom har relaterats till ökande halter avluftföroreningar i städer. Vilken roll olika luftföroreningskomponenter spelar för uppkomstenav symtom framgår dock inte klart i de publicerade studierna.WHO 2006 rekommenderade en riktlinje på 20 μg/m3 som dygnsmedelvärde för SO2 och destudier som publicerats 2006-2009 ger ytterligare stöd för denna uppfattning.
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