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| 2. |
- Björklund, Elisabet, 1983-
(författare)
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The Most Delicate Subject : A History of Sex Education Films in Sweden
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this dissertation is to present a history of sex education films in Sweden, from their beginnings until the late 1970s, relating the films to the changing historical context of the Swedish welfare society. Within this framework, the dissertation explores two main sets of questions. First, utilizing a contextual understanding of genre, the dissertation analyzes how the films were produced, exhibited, and censored, what position and status they had, and where the borders were understood to be to kindred types of film, such as exploitation and pornography. Second, the norms and ideas about sexuality that the films construct are explored from a social constructionist perspective and put in historical context. Apart from the films themselves, the material used consists of censorship records, archival material, and articles and reviews from the daily press and the trade press.The study demonstrates that the sex education film has always been a delicate genre, and that this delicacy is related to the medium and to the fact that cinema is part of the commercial market. The sex education film came to Sweden through imported films during the silent era and was relatively common at Swedish movie theaters from the 1920s to the early 1970s. Very quickly, it became a contested genre thought to be in need of regulation, which can be seen in the censorship procedures. For instance, until the 1950s, screenings were often restricted through gender segregation. When film censorship was liberalized in the 1960s, sex education films could show more than before, and when the films in the sexually explicit Language of Love series (1969–1972) were released, their relationship to pornography became a central point of discussion. The changing views on using film in school sex education are also examined. Here, it is shown that if film was seen as a potentially helpful tool in the 1920s and 1930s, this view had changed into a more skeptical position by the early 1970s.In the analysis of the content of the films, only Swedish examples are studied. In the first group of theatrically shown films of this kind, which appeared in the 1940s and 1950s, sexuality is represented as problematic through the themes of venereal disease and abortion. Here, casual sex is seen as immoral and abortion is condemned. At the same time, the films display how traditional and modern views on sexuality and gender were under negotiation during this period. While reproduction was the dominating perspective in school films well into the 1970s, the Language of Love films display a radically different perspective on sex, not least because of their focus on sexual pleasure. However, while the films advocate a liberal idea about sexuality according to which science leads to liberation, a focus on romantic long-term relationships can also be noted. Throughout the period, there is an emphasis on rationality and science and on a secular perspective on sex in which love is seen as more important than matrimony. In this way, the films in general reflect a strong belief in modernity and progress that was characteristic of Sweden during the welfare era.
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| 3. |
- Brinkmalm, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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An online nano-LC-ESI-FTICR-MS method for comprehensive characterization of endogenous fragments from amyloid β and amyloid precursor protein in human and cat cerebrospinal fluid.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS. - : Wiley. - 1096-9888 .- 1076-5174. ; 47:5, s. 591-603
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the precursor protein to amyloid β (Aβ), the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Endogenous Aβ peptides reflect the APP processing, and greater knowledge of different APP degradation pathways is important to understand the mechanism underlying AD pathology. When one analyzes longer Aβ peptides by low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), mainly long b-fragments are observed, limiting the possibility to determine variations such as amino acid variants or post-translational modifications (PTMs) within the N-terminal half of the peptide. However, by using electron capture dissociation (ECD), we obtained a more comprehensive sequence coverage for several APP/Aβ peptide species, thus enabling a deeper characterization of possible variants and PTMs. Abnormal APP/Aβ processing has also been described in the lysosomal storage disease Niemann-Pick type C and the major large animal used for studying this disease is cat. By ECD MS/MS, a substitution of Asp7 → Glu in cat Aβ was identified. Further, sialylated core 1 like O-glycans at Tyr10, recently discovered in human Aβ (a previously unknown glycosylation type), were identified also in cat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is therefore likely that this unusual type of glycosylation is common for (at least) species belonging to the magnorder Boreoeutheria. We here describe a detailed characterization of endogenous APP/Aβ peptide species in CSF by using an online top-down MS-based method.
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| 5. |
- Esbjörnsson, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Increased survival among HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual-infected individuals compared to HIV-1 single-infected individuals
- 2014
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Ingår i: AIDS. - 1473-5571. ; 28:7, s. 949-957
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To compare survival times of HIV-1 single and HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual-infected individuals. Design: Prospective open cohort study. Methods: We analysed data from 259 HIV-1-seroincident cases (either HIV-1 single or HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual-infected) from a cohort with long follow-up (similar to 20 years) in order to study the influence of type of infection and infection order on mortality. Sex and age at HIV-1 infection date was controlled for in a Cox proportional-hazards model. Results: Dual-infected individuals had a 42% longer time from HIV-1 infection to death compared with single-infected individuals, adjusting for age asymmetries between groups. Dual-infected individuals with an HIV-2 infection preceding the HIV-1 infection had a more than two-fold lower mortality risk during follow-up than HIV-1 single-infected individuals. Conclusion: Survival time is longer and the risk of progression to death is lower among HIV-1 and HIV-2 dual-infected individuals compared to HIV-1 single-infected individuals. This natural inhibition could have implications for the development of future HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutics.
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| 6. |
- Esbjörnsson, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Inhibition of HIV-1 disease progression by contemporaneous HIV-2 infection.
- 2012
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 367:3, s. 224-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Progressive immune dysfunction and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop in most persons with untreated infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) but in only approximately 20 to 30% of persons infected with HIV type 2 (HIV-2); among persons infected with both types, the natural history of disease progression is poorly understood. METHODS: We analyzed data from 223 participants who were infected with HIV-1 after enrollment (with either HIV-1 infection alone or HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection) in a cohort with a long follow-up duration (approximately 20 years), according to whether HIV-2 infection occurred first, the time to the development of AIDS (time to AIDS), CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts, and measures of viral evolution. RESULTS: The median time to AIDS was 104 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 75 to 133) in participants with dual infection and 68 months (95% CI, 60 to 76) in participants infected with HIV-1 only (P=0.003). CD4+ T-cell levels were higher and CD8+ T-cell levels increased at a lower rate among participants with dual infection, reflecting slower disease progression. Participants with dual infection with HIV-2 infection preceding HIV-1 infection had the longest time to AIDS and highest levels of CD4+ T-cell counts. HIV-1 genetic diversity was significantly lower in participants with dual infections than in those with HIV-1 infection alone at similar time points after infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that HIV-1 disease progression is inhibited by concomitant HIV-2 infection and that dual infection is associated with slower disease progression. The slower rate of disease progression was most evident in participants with dual infection in whom HIV-2 infection preceded HIV-1 infection. These findings could have implications for the development of HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutics. (Funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency-Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries and others.).
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| 7. |
- Gisselbrecht, Mathieu, et al.
(författare)
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Charge migration and decay of doubly charged ammonia clusters
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 388:2, s. 022112-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The photo-fragmentation of ammonia molecular clusters ionized with soft x-rays is studied for photon energies near the N-1s threshold. The fragmentation is studied with a 3D momentum mass spectrometer to access the energy and angular correlations between fragments. By choosing the cluster sizes below or above the critical size of stable dication, we investigate the coulomb explosion dynamics and the interplay between charge delocalization and mobility of molecules in the clusters.
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| 8. |
- Karlsson, Lars O., et al.
(författare)
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Cyclosporine does not reduce myocardial infarct size in a porcine ischemia-reperfusion model.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. - : Sage Publications. - 1074-2484 .- 1940-4034. ; 15:2, s. 182-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclosporine A (CsA) has been shown to protect against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in small animal models. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of CsA on myocardial I/R injury in a porcine model. Pigs were randomized between CsA (10mg/kg; n = 12) or placebo (n = 15) and anesthetized with either isoflurane (phase I) or pentobarbital (phase II). By catheterization, the left descending coronary artery was occluded for 45 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 2 hours. Hearts were stained to quantify area at risk (AAR) and infarct size (IS). Myocardial biopsies were obtained for terminal dUTP nick end labeling and immunoblot analysis of proapoptotic proteins (apoptosis-inducing factor [AIF], BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kd interacting protein 3 [BNIP-3], and active caspase-3). Cyclosporine A did not reduce IS/AAR compared with placebo (49% vs 41%, respectively; P = .21). Pigs anesthetized with isoflurane had lower IS/AAR than pigs anesthetized with pentobarbital (39% vs 51%, respectively; P = .03). This reduction in IS/AAR seemed to be attenuated by CsA. Apoptosis-inducing factor protein expression was higher after CsA administration than after placebo (P = .02). Thus, CsA did not protect against I/R injury in this porcine model. The data suggest a possible deleterious interaction of CsA and isoflurane.
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| 9. |
- Laksman, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Development and characterization of a multiple-coincidence ion-momentum imaging spectrometer.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 1089-7623 .- 0034-6748. ; 84:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design and performance of a high-resolution momentum-imaging spectrometer for ions which is optimized for experiments using synchrotron radiation is presented. High collection efficiency is achieved by a focusing electrostatic lens; a long drift tube improves mass resolution and a position-sensitive detector enables measurement of the transverse momentum of ions. The optimisation of the lens for particle momentum measurement at the highest resolution is described. We discuss the overall performance of the spectrometer and present examples demonstrating the momentum resolution for both kinetics and for angular measurements in molecular fragmentation for carbon monoxide and fullerenes. Examples are presented that confirm that complete space-time focussing is possible for a two-field three-dimensional imaging spectrometer.
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| 10. |
- Laksman, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid bond rearrangement in core-excited molecular water.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9084 .- 1463-9076. ; 15:44, s. 19322-19329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The angular anisotropy of fragments created in the dissociation of core-electron excited water molecules is studied to probe the correlation between fragmentation channels, kinematics and molecular geometry. We present fragment kinetic measurements for water molecules where the inner-shell oxygen electron is excited to the unoccupied 4a1 and 2b2 valence molecular orbitals. The kinematics of individual fragmentation channels are measured using fully three-dimensional momentum imaging of fragments. The results show that the geometry of the molecule and the kinetic energy of fragments are strongly coupled in the atomisation process. In addition we identify a fragmentation process arising from bond rearrangement evidenced by the H2(+)-O(+) ion pair which is accessible for resonant excitation of the 1s electron. In all of the two-body fragmentation processes the dissociation takes place along the potential-energy surface, while atomisation reveals both dissociation along the potential surface and Coulomb explosion. The angular distribution of fragments suggests that the bond rearrangement is very rapid; likely on a sub 10 fs time scale.
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