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- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gogova, Daniela, et al.
(författare)
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Optical and structural characteristics of virtually unstrained bulk-like GaN
- 2004
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Ingår i: Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. - 0021-4922 .- 1347-4065. ; 43:4A, s. 1264-1268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bulk-like GaN with high structural and optical quality has been attained by hydride vapor-phase exitapy (HVPE). The as-grown 330 mum-thick GaN layer was separated from the sapphire substrate by a laser-induced lift-off process. The full width at half maximum values of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) omega-scans of the free-standing material are 96 and 129 arcsec for the (1 0 -1 4) and (0 0 0 2) reflection, respectively, which rank among the smallest values published so far for free-standing HVPE-GaN. The dislocation density determined by plan-view TEM images is 1-2 x 10(7) cm(-2). Positron annihilation spectroscopy studies show that the concentration of Ga vacancy related defects is about 1.5 x 10(16) cm(-3). The high-resolution XRD, photoluminescence, mu-Raman, and infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements consistently prove that the free-standing material is of high crystalline quality and virtually strain-free. Therefore it is suitable to serve as a substrate for stress-free growth of high-quality III-nitrides based device heterostructures.
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| 6. |
- Magnusson, H, et al.
(författare)
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Exercise may induce reversible low bone mass in unloaded and high bone mass in weight-loaded skeletal regions
- 2001
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1433-2965 .- 0937-941X. ; 12:11, s. 950-955
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exercise during growth and adolescence increases bone mineral density (BMD) in weight-loaded skeletal regions. The development of BMD in unloaded or minimally loaded regions during activity is unclear. We measured BMD in one unloaded, one partly loaded and one highly loaded skeletal region in 67 active soccer players, mean age 22.7 years (range 17-35 years), 128 former soccer players, mean age 54.0 years (range 19-85 years) and 138 controls, mean age 50.6 years (range 19-80 years). The active soccer players played at three different levels: premier league, 3rd league or 6th league. Duration of exercise in these three grou s was 12, 8 and 6 h/week, respectively. BMD (g/cm ) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the upper part of the skull (the unloaded skeletal region), the arms (the partly loaded region) and the femoral neck (the maximal loaded region). Data are presented as mean +/- SD. Active soccer players had 10.3 +/- 10.4% lower BMD in the upper part of the skull (p < 0.001), 1.4 +/- 6.3% higher BMD in the arm (NS) and 12.7 +/- 9.8% higher BMD in the femoral neck (p<0.001) compared with age- and gender-matched controls. All three levels of soccer players demonstrated, independent of activity level, the same discrepancies in BMD compared with controls. Former soccer players had lower BMD in the upper part of the skull until age 70 years and higher BMD in the femoral neck until age 50 years compared with controls. The BMD of the arm was not different in former soccer players compared with controls. In summary, active soccer players had lower BMD in the unloaded skeletal region, no difference in BMD in the partly loaded region and higher BMD in the weight-loaded region compared with controls. The discrepancies compared with controls diminished with age so that no differences were found in BMD after age 70 years. In conclusion, unloaded and weight-loaded skeletal regions may respond differently to increased and decreased physical activity.
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| 7. |
- Magnusson, R, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of chemical composition and mutagenicity in particles from chainsaw exhaust. Experimental set-up, stability and results from two different fuels
- 2000
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Ingår i: Environmental Technology. - 0959-3330. ; 21:7, s. 819-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A dilution tunnel for sampling of particles and gaseous emissions in chainsaw exhaust was constructed and tested for reproducibility. In addition the equipment was used to measure chainsaw emissions when using two different fuels, aliphatic petrol with synthetic lubricating oil and regular lead-free petrol with mineral lubricating oil. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the mutagenicity of sampled particles were measured as well as the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and aldehydes in the exhaust. particles were sampled isokinetically and collected on a filter followed by two polyurethane foam plugs (PUF) in series for sampling of the semivolatile components. PAH were analysed by a coupled liquid chromatography - gas chromatography (LC-GC) system and mutagenicity testing was carried out by using Ames Salmonella assay. The measured physical parameters as well as the particulate, semivolatile and gaseous emissions showed that reproducible measurements of exhaust emissions could be achieved using this experimental set-up. In terms of mutagenicity when testing for reproducibility, a small but significant effect was observed for the Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 in the absence of a metabolizing system, both for the particulate phase and the semivolatile components. A significant difference was seen between the two different fuels tested, the conventional petrol with mineral oil having 5-10 times higher concentrations of different PAH compounds and a much higher mutagenic effect for all strains. This difference was seen both for the particulate phase and the semivolatile components.
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| 9. |
- Popat, S, et al.
(författare)
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Genome screening of coeliac disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Genetics. - : BMJ. - 0022-2593 .- 1468-6244. ; 39:5, s. 328-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Popat, S, et al.
(författare)
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Variation in the CTLA4/CD28 gene region confers an increased risk of coeliac disease.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Annals of human genetics. - 0003-4800 .- 1469-1809. ; 66:Pt 2, s. 125-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Susceptibility to coeliac disease involves HLA and non-HLA-linked genes. The CTLA4/CD28 gene region encodes immune regulatory T-cell surface molecules and is a strong candidate as a susceptibility locus. We evaluated CTLA4/CD28 in coeliac disease by genetic linkage and association and combined our findings with published studies through a meta-analysis. 116 multiplex families were genotyped across CTLA4/CD28 using eight markers. The contribution of CTLA4/CD28 to coeliac disease was assessed by non-parametric linkage and association analyses. Seven studies were identified that had evaluated the relationship between CTLA4/CD28 and coeliac disease and a pooled analysis of data undertaken. In our study there was evidence for a relationship between variation in the CTLA4/CD28 region and coeliac disease by linkage and association analyses. However, the findings did not attain formal statistical significance (p = 0.004 and 0.039, respectively). Pooling findings with published results showed significant evidence for linkage (504 families) and association (940 families): p values, 0.0001 and 0.0014 at D2S2214, respectively, and 0.0008 and 0.0006 at D2S116, respectively. These findings suggest that variation in the CD28/CTLA4 gene region is a determinant of coeliac disease susceptibility. Dissecting the sequence variation underlying this relationship will depend on further analyses utilising denser sets of markers.
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