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| 2. |
- Fischer, Andreas C., 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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3D Free-Form Patterning of Silicon by Ion Implantation, Silicon Deposition, and Selective Silicon Etching
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advanced Functional Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1616-301X .- 1616-3028. ; 22:19, s. 4004-4008
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for additive layer-by-layer fabrication of arbitrarily shaped 3D silicon micro- and nanostructures is reported. The fabrication is based on alternating steps of chemical vapor deposition of silicon and local implantation of gallium ions by focused ion beam (FIB) writing. In a final step, the defined 3D structures are formed by etching the silicon in potassium hydroxide (KOH), in which the local ion implantation provides the etching selectivity. The method is demonstrated by fabricating 3D structures made of two and three silicon layers, including suspended beams that are 40 nm thick, 500 nm wide, and 4 μm long, and patterned lines that are 33 nm wide.
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| 4. |
- Fischer, Andreas C., et al.
(författare)
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Layer-by-layer 3D printing of Si micro- and nanostructures by Si deposition, ion implantation and selective Si etching
- 2012
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Ingår i: 12th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), 2012. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781467321983 ; , s. 1-4
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we report a method for layer-by-layer printing of three-dimensional (3D) silicon (Si) micro- and nanostructures. This fabrication method is based on a sequence of alternating steps of chemical vapor deposition of Si and local implantation of gallium (Ga+) ions by focused ion beam (FIB) writing. The defined 3D structures are formed in a final step by selectively wet etching the non-implanted Si in potassium hydroxide (KOH). We demonstrate the viability of the method by fabricating 2 and 3-layer 3D Si structures, including suspended beams and patterned lines with dimensions on the nm-scale.
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| 5. |
- Gylfason, Kristinn B., 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Process considerations for layer-by-layer 3D patterning of silicon, using ion implantation, silicon deposition, and selective silicon etching
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B. - : American Vacuum Society. - 1071-1023 .- 1520-8567. ; 30:6, s. 06FF05-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors study suitable process parameters, and the resulting pattern formation, in additive layer-by-layer fabrication of arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional (3D) silicon (Si) micro- and nanostructures. The layer-by-layer fabrication process investigated is based on alternating steps of chemical vapor deposition of Si and local implantation of gallium ions by focused ion beam writing. In a final step, the defined 3D structures are formed by etching the Si in potassium hydroxide, where the ion implantation provides the etching selectivity.
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| 6. |
- Hult, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Transfusion of cryopreserved human red blood cells into healthy humans is associated with rapid extravascular hemolysis without a proinflammatory cytokine response
- 2013
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Ingår i: Transfusion. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0041-1132 .- 1537-2995. ; 53:1, s. 28-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Transfusion of stored red blood cells (RBCs) can be associated with adverse side effects. Recent studies in mice transfused with stored RBCs showed that a strong proinflammatory cytokine storm was induced due to extravascular hemolysis already at 2 hours after transfusion. Therefore, we here investigated if transfusion of 2 units of cryopreserved autologous RBCs induced a proinflammatory response in healthy human volunteers.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two units of autologous RBCs, cryopreserved for 16 weeks, were transfused into 10 healthy human volunteers. Serum and blood samples taken at 2 hours before and at 2 and 48 hours after transfusion were analyzed for signs of extravascular hemolysis and the presence of proinflammatory cytokines.RESULTS: At 2 hours after transfusion, transferin-bound serum iron, as well as transferin saturation and total bilirubin, were already significantly increased. These measures all returned back toward that in pretransfusion samples at 48 hours after transfusion. No increases in the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, or tumor necrosis factor-α were detected at any time point after transfusion.CONCLUSION: Although a significant level of extravascular hemolysis already occurred at 2 hours after transfusion of cryopreserved RBCs, there were no signs of proinflammatory cytokine production up to 48 hours after transfusion.
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| 7. |
- Malm, Andreas
(författare)
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China as Chimney of the World: The Fossil Capital Hypothesis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Organization & Environment. - : SAGE Publications. - 1552-7417 .- 1086-0266. ; 25:2, s. 146-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What has caused the early 21st-century emissions explosion in China? Driving a global explosion, it appears to stand in some relation to processes of globalization, but these links have mostly remained unexplored. This article revisits some established frameworks for understanding the connection between globalization and environmental degradation and argues that they are insufficient for explaining the Chinese explosion. A new hypothesis is outlined, called "the fossil capital hypothesis." It proposes that globally mobile capital will tend to relocate production to countries with cheap and disciplined labor, but only through the accelerated consumption of fossil energy. Via three specified "effects," the inflow of global capital will therefore set off massive increases in CO2 emissions. The hypothesis is applied in a brief analysis of developments in China between 2001 and 2008, and in other Asian countries after the Chinese strike wave in 2010.
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| 8. |
- Malm, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Doubly dispossessed by accumulation: Egyptian fishing communities between enclosed lakes and a rising sea
- 2012
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Ingår i: Review of African Political Economy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0305-6244 .- 1740-1720. ; 39:133, s. 408-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a corner of the Egyptian revolutionary drama, the fisherfolk of the northern Nile Delta have begun to organise. They suffer an indicative predicament. The two great lagoons of Borullus and Manzala have largely been enclosed by fish farms as the Mubarak regime sought to expand Egypt's aquaculture industry. On the other hand, the sea is threatening to submerge the ground on which the very same fishing communities are based. How can we understand the pinch in which they find themselves? This article questions the sustainability of the Egyptian aquaculture miracle, examines the likely impacts of sea level rise on the communities north of Borullus and Manzala, and seeks to conceptualise the dialectic between the two processes. While the fisherfolk prepare to fight against the encroaching farms, however, there is little on the horizon in the way of struggle against the other, perhaps even more dangerous side of the squeeze.
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| 9. |
- Malm, Andreas
(författare)
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Fleeing the Flowing Commons: Robert Thom, Water Reservoir Schemes, and the Shift to Steam Power in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental History. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1930-8892 .- 1084-5453. ; 19:1, s. 55-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the 1820s and 1830s, British industry faced a choice between two energy sources to fuel its expansion: water and coal. A series of water reservoir schemes were proposed to scale up the power capacity of rivers in the central manufacturing districts, but the schemes with the largest potentials were never realized. Instead, the industry veered toward steam power, fatefully linking self-sustaining growth to the combustion of coal for mechanical energy. This article presents the first inquiry into the fate of the reservoir schemes. It describes the work of Robert Thom, leading Scottish engineer, champion of water, and critic of steam, and traces the fate of several plans in Lancashire. It demonstrates that water, contrary to the dominant narrative of coal in the Industrial Revolution, was consistently the cheaper alternative. The reservoir schemes had the drawback of obliging manufacturers to coordinate their energy consumption, submit to planning, and contribute to collective funding of construction work. In an environment of free competition, this ultimately proved unfeasible. This raises questions on the perception of the role of energy in the Industrial Revolution, as well as of the prerequisites for a future transition to renewable energy sources.
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| 10. |
- Malm, Andreas
(författare)
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Fossil Capital : The Rise of Steam-Power in the British Cotton Industry, c. 1825-1848, and the Roots of Global Warming
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The more we know about the catastrophic implications of climate change, the more fossil fuels are burnt in the world. How did we get caught up in this mess? This thesis returns to a crucial moment in the emergence of the fossil economy: the rise of steam-power. With the adoption of the steam-engine, fossil energy was first coupled to a process of self-sustaining growth, the new prime mover using coal to impel machines for commodity production. It happened in Britain; the cotton industry led the way. Before steam, up to the second quarter of the nineteenth century, British cotton manufacturers used water as their source of mechanical energy – so why did they shift from the one to the other? By examining the causes of the original transition from water to steam, we might come closer to an understanding of the mechanisms igniting – and perhaps still fuelling – the process now known as ‘business-as-usual’. In line with Ricardian and Malthusian thought, is often argued that the turn to coal in the Industrial Revolution was motivated by a scarcity of energy. But a wide range of primary sources from the time suggest that the critical step from water to steam occurred in spite of water being an abundant and consistently cheaper alternative. Massive water reservoir schemes, by which the resources of Britain’s rivers would be more fully and efficiently exploited, were floated in the years of the transition, but the cotton manufacturers failed to unite behind their architects: they could not stand the co-operation and collective planning required to benefit from the flow. Steam-power, on the other hand, offered a unique freedom to locate factories where production would be most profitable – above all, among dense supplies of labour-power. The flow of water was integrated in the landscape and could only be used on the spot, but the stock of coal was brought up from the underground and then circulated on the market, allowing manufacturers to congregate in the growing towns. Currents of water were subject to fluctuations in the weather. Up to the 1830s, proprietors of water-mills possessed a simple method for evening out such irregularities: when the current returned in full force, the operatives would work overtime until losses were regained. Restrictions on working-hours put an end to such practices. Meanwhile, steam-engines stood ready to revolve at any time of the day and could be speeded up at will: advantages highly cherished by manufacturers when the labour movement cut the working-day to ten hours. The steam-engine is the emblematic productive force of industrial capitalism, perceived by one brand of classical Marxism as the progenitor of capital. Others claim that it sprang from the ancient human ability to manipulate fire, triggering the geological epoch of our species, called ‘the Anthropocene’. Against such theories, this thesis argues that certain relations of power and property called forth steam-power and gave birth to the fossil economy. Accumulation of capital through anarchic competition, in abstract space and abstract time, could not proceed on the basis of a flow of energy beyond the years 1825-1848, when British capitalism suffered its first structural crisis. Only a stock of fossil fuels could sustain the spiral, because it was buried at a remove from the landscape and the weather, amenable to concentration and acceleration, disembedded and divisible. Steam was thus a source of power in the dual sense of the term, advanced as such by its proprietors and fiercely resisted by the British working-class for over half a century. Are there any lessons to draw from that history? The thesis ends with some reflections on the obstacles for breaking out of the fossil economy today.
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