| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Mao, Wendy L., et al.
(författare)
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Distortions and stabilization of simple-cubic calcium at high pressure and low temperature
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 107:22, s. 9965-9968
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ca-III, the first superconducting calcium phase under pressure, was identified as simple-cubic (sc) by previous X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments. In contrast, all previous theoretical calculations showed that sc had a higher enthalpy than many proposed structures and had an imaginary (unstable) phonon branch. By using our newly developed submicrometer high-pressure single-crystal XRD, cryogenic high-pressure XRD, and theoretical calculations, we demonstrate that Ca-III is neither exactly sc nor any of the lower-enthalpy phases, but sustains the sc-like, primitive unit by a rhombohedral distortion at 300 K and a monoclinic distortion below 30 K. This surprising discovery reveals a scenario that the high-pressure structure of calcium does not go to the zero-temperature global enthalpy minimum but is dictated by high-temperature anharmonicity and low-temperature metastability fine-tuned with phonon stability at the local minimum.
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| 3. |
- Belonoshko, Anatoly B., et al.
(författare)
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Atomic Diffusion in Solid Molecular Hydrogen
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 3, s. 2340-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the C2c and Cmca-12 phases of hydrogen at pressures from 210 to 350 GPa. These phases were predicted to be stable at 0 K and pressures above 200 GPa. However, systematic studies of temperature impact on properties of these phases have not been performed so far. Filling this gap, we observed that on temperature increase diffusion sets in the Cmca-12 phase, being absent in C2c. We explored the mechanism of diffusion and computed melting curve of hydrogen at extreme pressures. The results suggest that the recent experiments claiming conductive hydrogen at the pressure around 260 GPa and ambient temperature might be explained by the diffusion. The diffusion might also be the reason for the difference in Raman spectra obtained in recent experiments.
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| 4. |
- Kotmool, Komsilp, et al.
(författare)
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Revealing an unusual transparent phase of superhard iron tetraboride under high pressure
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 111:48, s. 17050-17053
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First principles-based electronic structure calculations of super-hard iron tetraboride (FeB4) under high pressure have been undertaken in this study. Starting with a "conventional" superconducting phase of this material under high pressure leads to an unexpected phase transition toward a semiconducting one. This transition occurred at 53.7 GPa, and this pressure acts as a demarcation between two distinct crystal symmetries, metallic orthorhombic and semiconducting tetragonal phases, with Pnnm and I4(1)/acd space groups, respectively. In this work, the electron-phonon coupling-derived superconducting T-c has been determined up to 60 GPa and along with optical band gap variation with increasing pressure up to 300 GPa. The dynamic stability has been confirmed by phonon dispersion calculations throughout this study.
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| 5. |
- Lebegue, Sebastien, et al.
(författare)
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Semimetallic dense hydrogen above 260 GPa
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 109:25, s. 9766-9769
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being the lightest and the most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen is fascinating to physicists. In particular, the conditions of its metallization associated with a possible superconducting state at high temperature have been a matter of much debate in the scientific community, and progress in this field is strongly correlated with the advancements in theoretical methods and experimental techniques. Recently, the existence of hydrogen in a metallic state was reported experimentally at room temperature under a pressure of 260-270 GPa, but was shortly after that disputed in the light of more experiments, finding either a semimetal or a transition to an other phase. With the aim to reconcile the different interpretations proposed, we propose by combining several computational techniques, such as density functional theory and the GW approximation, that phase III at ambient temperature of hydrogen is the Cmca-12 phase, which becomes a semimetal at 260 GPa. From phonon calculations, we demonstrate it to be dynamically stable; calculated electron-phonon coupling is rather weak and therefore this phase is not expected to be a high-temperature superconductor.
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| 6. |
- Li, Bing, et al.
(författare)
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Rhodium dihydride (RhH(2)) with high volumetric hydrogen density
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 108:46, s. 18618-18621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Materials with very high hydrogen density have attracted considerable interest due to a range of motivations, including the search for chemically precompressed metallic hydrogen and hydrogen storage applications. Using high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique and theoretical calculations, we have discovered a new rhodium dihydride (RhH(2)) with high volumetric hydrogen density (163.7 g/L). Compressing rhodium in fluid hydrogen at ambient temperature, the fcc rhodium metal absorbs hydrogen and expands unit-cell volume by two discrete steps to form NaCl-typed fcc rhodium monohydride at 4 GPa and fluorite-typed fcc RhH(2) at 8 GPa. RhH(2) is the first dihydride discovered in the platinum group metals under high pressure. Our low-temperature experiments show that RhH(2) is recoverable after releasing pressure cryogenically to 1 bar and is capable of retaining hydrogen up to 150 K for minutes and 77 K for an indefinite length of time.
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| 7. |
- Li, Yan-Ling, et al.
(författare)
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Pressure-induced superconductivity in CaC2
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 110:23, s. 9289-9294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon can exist as isolated dumbbell, 1D chain, 2D plane, and 3D network in carbon solids or carbon-based compounds, which attributes to its rich chemical binding way, including sp-, sp(2)-, and sp(3)-hybridized bonds. sp(2)-hybridizing carbon always captures special attention due to its unique physical and chemical property. Here, using an evolutionary algorithm in conjunction with ab initio method, we found that, under compression, dumbbell carbon in CaC2 can be polymerized first into 1D chain and then into ribbon and further into 2D graphite sheet at higher pressure. The C2/m structure transforms into an orthorhombic Cmcm phase at 0.5 GPa, followed by another orthorhombic Immm phase, which is stabilized in a wide pressure range of 15.2-105.8 GPa and then forced into MgB2-type phase with wide range stability up to at least 1 TPa. Strong electron-phonon coupling. in compressed CaC2 is found, in particular for Immm phase, which has the highest lambda value (0.562-0.564) among them, leading to its high superconducting critical temperature T-c (7.9 similar to 9.8 K), which is comparable with the 11.5 K value of CaC6. Our results show that calcium not only can stabilize carbon sp(2) hybridization at a larger range of pressure but also can contribute in superconducting behavior, which would further ignite experimental and theoretical interest in alkaline-earth metal carbides to uncover their peculiar physical properties under extreme conditions.
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| 8. |
- Mao, Ho-Kwang, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic dynamics and plasmons of sodium under compression
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 108:51, s. 20434-20437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sodium, which has long been regarded as one of the simplest metals, displays a great deal of structural, optical, and electronic complexities under compression. We compressed pure Na in the body-centered cubic structure to 52 GPa and in the face-centered cubic structure from 64 to 97 GPa, and studied the plasmon excitations of both structures using the momentum-dependent inelastic X-ray scattering technique. The plasmon dispersion curves as a function of pressure were extrapolated to zero momentum with a quadratic approximation. As predicted by the simple free-electron model, the square of the zero-momentum plasmon energy increases linearly with densification of the body-centered cubic Na up to 1.5-fold. At further compressions and in face-centered cubic Na above 64 GPa, the linear relation curves progressively toward the density axis up to 3.7-fold densification at 97 GPa. Ab initio calculations indicate that the deviation is an expected behavior of Na remaining a simple metal.
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| 9. |
- Mattesini, Maurizio, et al.
(författare)
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Hemispherical anisotropic patterns of the Earth's inner core
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 107:21, s. 9507-9512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been shown that the Earth's inner core has an axisymmetric anisotropic structure with seismic waves traveling similar to 3% faster along polar paths than along equatorial directions. Hemispherical anisotropic patterns of the solid Earth's core are rather complex, and the commonly used hexagonal-close-packed iron phase might be insufficient to account for seismological observations. We show that the data we collected are in good agreement with the presence of two anisotropically specular east and west core hemispheres. The detected travel-time anomalies can only be disclosed by a lattice-preferred orientation of a body-centered-cubic iron aggregate, having a fraction of their [111] crystal axes parallel to the Earth's rotation axis. This is compelling evidence for the presence of a body-centered-cubic Fe phase at the top of the Earth's inner core.
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| 10. |
- Sun, Zhimei, et al.
(författare)
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Peierls distortion mediated reversible phase transition in GeTe under pressure
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 109:16, s. 5948-5952
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the advent of big synchrotron facilities around the world, pressure is now routinely placed to design a new material or manipulate the properties of materials. In GeTe, an important phase-change material that utilizes the property contrast between the crystalline and amorphous states for data storage, we observed a reversible phase transition of rhombohedral <-> rocksalt <-> orthorhombic <-> monoclinic coupled with a semiconductor <-> metal interconversion under pressure on the basis of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. This interesting reversible phase transition under pressure is believed to be mediated by Peierls distortion in GeTe. Our results suggest a unique way to understand the reversible phase transition and hence the resistance switching that is crucial to the applications of phase-change materials in nonvolatile memory. The present finding can also be expanded to other IV-VI semiconductors.
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