| 1. |
- Markstedt, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Undermarken måste inkluderas
- 2020
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Ingår i: Stadsbyggnad. - Stockholm : Föreningen Sveriges Stadsbyggare. - 0038-8963. ; :3, s. 29-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 2. |
- Nilsson Sommar, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Potential Effects on Travelers' Air Pollution Exposure and Associated Mortality Estimated for a Mode Shift from Car to Bicycle Commuting
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 17:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to use dispersion-modeled concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and black carbon (BC) to estimate bicyclist exposures along a network of roads and bicycle paths. Such modeling was also performed in a scenario with increased bicycling. Accumulated concentrations between home and work were thereafter calculated for both bicyclists and drivers of cars. A transport model was used to estimate traffic volumes and current commuting preferences in Stockholm County. The study used individuals' home and work addresses, their age, sex, and an empirical model estimate of their expected physical capacity in order to establish realistic bicycle travel distances. If car commuters with estimated physical capacity to bicycle to their workplace within 30 min changed their mode of transport to bicycle, >110,000 additional bicyclists would be achieved. Time-weighted mean concentrations along paths were, among current bicyclists, reduced from 25.8 to 24.2 mu g/m(3) for NOx and 1.14 to 1.08 mu g/m(3) for BC. Among the additional bicyclists, the yearly mean NOx dose from commuting increased from 0.08 to 1.03 mu g/m(3). This would be expected to yearly cause 0.10 fewer deaths for current bicycling levels and 1.7 more deaths for additional bicycling. This increased air pollution impact is much smaller than the decrease in the total population.
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| 3. |
- Norrman, Jenny, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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New dimensions in Swedish planning - an investigation of subsurface planning and geosystem services
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The subsurface is a precious, multifunctional and finite resource that should be managed in accordance with its full potential and its value to society. It can be used for a wide variety of purposes, which are not always compatible, and short-term use can conflict with long-term use and future possibilities. In Sweden, as well as in many countries worldwide, the “first-come-first-served” principle applies to getting access to the resources in the subsurface, compromising fair inter- and intragenerational distributions of these resources, and sustainable development. This report summarises the outcomes of the research project Sustainable use of underground space (SUB), financed by the Swedish research Council Formas and BeFo Rock Engineering Research Foundation. The aim of the project has been to investigate how subsurface dimensions can be integrated in urban planning processes and legislation, as well as proposing a framework for sustainable planning and use of the subsurface. The report contains a list of words and terminology used in relation to subsurface planning. The term subsurface planning is here defined as both a) consideration of subsurface conditions in surface planning, as well as b) making strategic considerations regarding the use of the subsurface in terms of use for construction purposes, or other types of subsurface resources. Chapter 1 introduces the background to the project and describes the methods used in the studies within the project. The methods used are a systematic literature review; a document and interview study of Swedish practice on inclusion of subsurface aspects in planning of a number of underground projects; a review of legislation and policy relevant to subsurface planning; and a pilot study for method development and for an inventory of resources in the subsurface. Chapter 2 summarises the role of geoscience in society, and specifically in spatial planning. This includes uncertainties in the parameters that are used to describe geological, thermal, hydrogeological, mechanical, chemical and biological properties of soil and rock, as well as exemplifying databases and base line studies that can be used in comprehensive planning. Chapter 3 places the subsurface as a multifunctional resource in an international context. A literature review reveals a need to bridge communication and knowledge gaps by appropriate subsurface information, easily conveyable in the appropriate format and at the right time, in a balanced quantity and quality. Information on regulations and policies for subsurface use is limited and fragmented in literature, although the interest in, and use of, the subsurface, have significantly increased in the last two decades. Chapter 4 gives an overview of Swedish subsurface planning from the 1970s to 2020. As early as 1975, at the inaugural annual meeting of the International Tunneling Association (ITA), the term subsurface planning was introduced. A pioneering Swedish study that was already ongoing at that point, aimed at providing the basis for legal regulations on responsibility for planning of subsurface use in spatial planning processes. In the past 40 years, a number of studies have been carried out in Sweden to support the development of a strategic subsurface planning. The chapter also provides a short description of two contemporary national projects “HUMP” and “Eko-Geokalkyl” which have contributed to a better integration of subsurface aspects in planning processes. Chapter 5 provides an overview of the development of the planning legislation in Sweden and explains contemporary Swedish planning legislation and policy that have implications on the subsurface. The overview includes planning and other related laws from 1600s to 2000s. The chapter provides a detailed description of the role of the Planning and Building Act (2010:305), the Environmental Code (1998:808), the Road Act (1971:948), the Construction of Railways Act (1995:1649), the Expropriation Act (1972:719), the Historic Environment Act (1988:950), the Protection of Essential Facilities Act (2010:305), as well as environmental policies in planning processes. Chapter 6 discusses subsurface usage in Sweden, and how the legislation is applied in spatial planning. Focus is on the Planning and Building Act, and the interaction between planning levels for which the local councils are responsible. A description of national projects that aim for digitalisation of the planning process is included. Also, other legislation that impacts the subsurface is discussed, related to e.g. construction of roads and railways, cultural heritage, energy, water and sewage systems, waste management, subsurface structures that are classified. Chapter 7 presents a pilot study, Flatås, which is an area located in Gothenburg, South-West Sweden. The pilot study aimed at mapping subsurface resources, investigating potential opportunities and conflicts between uses of these resources, and developing a proposal for how the collected data can be used in a detailed comprehensive planning of the area. Various subsurface qualities, divided into provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural qualities, were used for a systematic inventory and mapping of subsurface resources. The inventory and mapping results were summarised thematically (Water, Energy, Waste, Transport and communication, Constructions, Green infrastructure, Cultural heritage, and Contamination) for better communication of findings to planners. The concept of geosystem services is introduced to form a solid basis for communication of subsurface values and qualities. Chapter 8 outlines and describes the identified barriers for achieving a holistic subsurface planning in Sweden. The subsurface is rarely addressed in Swedish legislation or policy documents. Existing data and knowledge about the subsurface conditions is not thoroughly used in the early planning processes. Instead, data collection and sometimes additional investigations are usually performed late in the planning process, when many decisions are already made, causing plans to be overly costly or cause unintended restrictions on developments. In addition, many different competences are involved in the planning process, but there is no common understanding or terminology to bridge the communication gap between different professions, which may impede a holistic approach. In contrast to the planning of built environments above ground, there is a lack of comprehensive subsurface planning, and instead issues related to the subsurface are handled in different sectors. There is a lack of knowledge on the subsurface compared to the vast base line studies that often exists for built environments above ground and as a result, the first-come-first-served principles applies. In addition, there is no archival institution responsible for collection of geoscientific data, and some information may be confidential. Chapter 9 presents the developed SUB-matrix (matrix for supporting Sustainable Use of the suBsurface), which aims to support a systematic inventory of geosystem services in the municipal planning processes. The SUB-matrix is developed specifically for the Swedish planning system taking different panning levels into consideration: national, regional, transport and municipal planning. In turn, the municipal level consists of comprehensive, detailed comprehensive and detailed development planning sub-levels as well as the permission process sub-level. The SUB-matrix is a comprehensive checklist of geosystem services with identification of the relevant planning level for their inventory and a summary of the relevant information sources to support the inventory process. The tool highlights potential conflicts between geosystem services. For most use of the SUB-matrix, the information inside the matrix should be adapted to each specific municipality. The matrix is available via a web link (https://www.befoonline.org/publikationer/r-214__2384). Chapter 10 presents a proposal of five principles that supports sustainable planning, both above and below ground, and can be applied on different scales, from areas to specific projects. These principles are: 1) Fitness-for-use - use the surface and subsurface resources for the function they are most fit for, 2) Alternative uses – consider if existing underground constructions and structures can be transformed to meet new needs and demands, 3) Think in 3D – investigate whether the desired development can be placed above or below ground, 4) Optimise - investigate if new functions can be added to existing and planned structures, and 5) Flexibility - design new underground structures for a flexible use to meet new demands and future needs. Application of the principles is exemplified using examples retrieved from the literature review, the study of planning praxis and the pilot study carried out in the project. Chapter 11 suggests a number of solutions and ways forward that can support the achievement of a sustainable subsurface planning in Sweden. The geosystem services concept should be clarified and introduced, as a complement to the ecosystem services concept, to support subsurface use in accordance with its full potential and its value to society. The planning processes must be strengthened, and a ‘comprehensive subsurface plan’ – that corresponds with local councils’ comprehensive plans regulated by the Planning and Building Act – should be introduced as a tool for sustainable use of subsurface resources. Principles for how to balance different uses of the subsurface is suggested to be developed in comprehensive plans. A national database, where relevant geoscientific data is collected, should be created making this information accessible for the public. Legislation and policy documents should be developed in order to more clearly address subsurface planning. Chapter 12 summarises the main conclusions of this pro
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| 4. |
- Norrman, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Nya dimensioner i svensk planering : en utredning om undermarksplanering och geosystemtjänster
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Undermarken är en multifunktionell resurs som kan användas för en mängd olika ändamål, varav vissa ibland konkurrerar med varandra. Undermarksbyggande sker huvudsakligen utan formell planering, vilket innebär att den som först gör anspråk på utrymme under mark får förtur medan senare anspråk får anpassa sig, ofta till höga kostnader. Det övergripande syftet med forskningsprojektet ”Hållbar resursanvändning av undermarksrymden” har varit att identifiera nya möjligheter att integrera undermarksfrågor i kommunala planeringsprocesser och genom lagstiftning, samt att föreslå ett ramverk för hållbar planering och användning av undermarken. Rapporten redovisar allt arbete som genomförts inom projektet, och inleds med en översikt av: geovetenskapens roll i samhällsplaneringen; internationella erfarenheter av undermarksplanering; svensk undermarksplanering och undermarksbyggande; svensk planering, historiskt och i nutid; samt en översikt av dagens planeringslagstiftning. Resultaten av projektets delstudier, med intervju- och dokumentstudier gällande svensk praxis, samt en pilotstudie redovisas i sammanfattande form. Rapporten avslutas med ett avsnitt som redogör för erfarenheterna från projektet i en beskrivning av de problem som identifierats för att åstadkomma en bättre undermarksplanering, och som utmynnar i förslag på hur dessa problem kan övervinnas. Som konkreta verktyg presenteras 1) ett digitalt verktyg, SUB-matrisen, som är utvecklat inom projektet och som syftar till att stödja kommunal planering avseende undermarken och 2) ett förslag på fem övergripande principer att tillämpa och förhålla sig till vid planering för att åstadkomma ett hållbart nyttjande av undermarken. Dessutom ges förslag på hur planeringsprocesser kan förbättras i relation till undermarken. Projektets slutsatser kan mycket kortfattat sammanfattas enligt följande: i) undermarken som helhet bör göras synlig i planeringslagstiftning och i policyer, ii) geosystemtjänster bör införas som begrepp för att stödja mer hållbar undermarksplanering, iii) strategiska avvägningar för undermarksnyttjande bör göras i ÖP och man bör utveckla en Undermarkens Fördjupade Översiktsplan (U-FÖP), iv) SUB-matrisen kan användas som ett kommunikations- och planeringsverktyg i kommunal undermarksplanering, v) fem principer förslås (Lämplighet, Ändrad användning, Tredimensionellt tänkande, Optimering och Flexibilitet) som kan tillämpas i alla skalor och planeringsskeden för att stötta en hållbar planering, samt vi) att inventering av digitala underlag om undermarksinformation bör göras utifrån ett geosystemtjänstperspektiv. För att åstadkomma hållbar undermarksplanering i praktiken ges därutöver förslag på framtida arbeten kopplat till olika aspekter på undermarken, som kan stödja sådan implementering.
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| 5. |
- Norrman, Jenny, 1971, et al.
(författare)
-
The significance of planning and management of the subsurface to achieve sustainable cities
- 2020
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: The subsurface is the foundation upon which all cities rest. But the subsurface is not only a construction basis which provide physical space for infrastructure and the possibility to create a better surface living environment: the subsurface is a multifunctional natural resource. Apart from physical space, it provides water, energy, materials, habitats for ecosystems, support for surface life, and a repository for cultural heritage and geological archives. Currently, the subsurface is often utilised according to the “first-come-first-served” principle, which hinders possibilities to take strategic decisions on prioritisation and optimisation of competing subsurface uses, as well as fair inter- and intragenerational distribution of limited natural resources. A great disadvantage is the invisibility of the subsurface and consequently a lack of understanding of it as a multifunctional resource: the recently launched concept of geosystem services could help mitigate its underrating. Methods: In order to better acknowledge and lift forward the significance of the subsurface in achieving a sustainable future, the 17 SDGs are scrutinized in relation to the resources of subsurface, and specifically how better planning and management of the subsurface can contribute in achieving the goals. Results: Subsurface planning and management is relevant to at least seven (3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13) out of seventeen SDGs. Although the subsurface is not explicitly mentioned in the SDGs (except for aquifers), the subsurface can significantly contribute in achieving several of these goals. Conclusions: Sound planning and management of the subsurface can support the achievement of the mapped SDGs in various ways. The subsurface must be recognised as a precious and multifunctional resource which require careful planning and sensitive management in accordance with its potential and its value to society. Grant support: Swedish Research Council Formas (942-2016-50), Swedish Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo 385), Swedish Institute Visby Programme (23887/2017).
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| 6. |
- Strömgren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling commuter modal shifts from car trips to cycling : Scenario construction and outcomes for Stockholm, Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the construction and outcomes of scenarios modeling commuter modal shift from car trips to cycling in the metropolitan region of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Building and improving upon previous studies in terms of both methodological approach and degree of spatial resolution of the modeling output, we examine scenarios where car commuters able to reach their workplace within 30 and 50 minutes of cycling shift commuting mode. Overall, car–bicycle modal shift figures were 31.6% and 48.7%, respectively. However, there were considerable geographical differences. While a substantial number of new bicycle commuters appeared in all five macro-level subdivisions of the study area, modal shift was by far the highest among car commuters living in the Inner City and its immediate surroundings.
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| 7. |
- Volchko, Yevheniya, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Subsurface planning: Towards a common understanding of the subsurface as a multifunctional resource
- 2020
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Ingår i: Land Use Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to powerful trends in technology, resource and land supply and demand, socioeconomics and geopolitics, cities are likely to increase use of the subsurface in the near future. Indeed, the subsurface and its appropriate use have been put forward as being of crucial importance if we are to achieve resilient and sustainable cities. In recent years, quite apart from being seen primarily as a construction basis to provide physical space for infrastructure and to create a better surface living environment, the subsurface has been recognised as a multifunctional natural resource, one which provides physical space, water, energy, materials, habitats for ecosystems, support for surface life, and a repository for cultural heritage and geological archives. Currently, the subsurface is often utilised according to the “first-come-first-served” principle, which hinders possibilities to take strategic decisions on prioritisation and optimisation of competing subsurface uses, as well as fair inter- and intragenerational distribution of limited natural resources. Taking a broad international perspective, this paper investigates the subsurface as a multifunctional resource from five focal points: (1) what professionals with different backgrounds mean when using different terms related to the subsurface; (2) how professionals describe the subsurface and its multiple resources, functions and services; (3) how planning of subsurface use is supported in policy and regulations; (4) how the subsurface is included in the planning process; and (5) frameworks that can support decision-making on responsible use of the subsurface. The study reveals that the subsurface must be recognised (not only by scientists but also by decision- and policy-makers and other stakeholders) as a precious and multifunctional resource requiring careful planning and sensitive management in accordance with its potential and its value to society. Utilisation of the different subsurface functions to yield services requires careful planning and a framework to support decision-makers in achieving a balance between utilisation and preservation, and between the subsurface functions themselves in the case of outright utilisation. Further, to facilitate the necessary change towards transdisciplinary work settings in the planning process and form a platform for knowledge exchange and capacity building, there is an urgent need for a common language, i.e. mutually understandable terminology, and a common understanding, i.e. an all-inclusive view on the subsurface as a complex multifunctional resource.
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