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- Granqvist, Claes Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Electrochromic foil-based devices : Optical transmittance and modulation range, effect of ultravioled irradiation, and quality assessment by 1/f current noise
- 2008
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 516:17, s. 5921-5926
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We introduce electrochromic (EC) technology for modulating the transmittance of visible light and solar radiation in window apertures, with focus on recent work on foil-type devices embodying sputter deposited WO3 and NiO films joined by a polymer electrolyte. The purpose of this paper is to present a number of new and preliminary results showing that (i) double-sided antireflection coatings based on dip coating can enhance the transmittance significantly, (ii) tandem foils can yield a ratio between bleached-state and colored-state transmittance exceeding fifty, (iii) solar irradiance onto the EC device can enhance its charge insertion dynamics and thereby its optical modulation, and (iv) electromagnetic noise spectroscopy may serve as quality assessment of EC devices.
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- Jacobsson, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Rheumatoid arthritis: what does it cost and what factors are driving those costs? Results of a survey in a community-derived population in Malmo, Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7732 .- 0300-9742. ; 36:3, s. 179-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: We sought to investigate the cost of living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and evaluate the influence of both demographics and specific disease characteristics on these costs. Methods: We used a population-based questionnaire to survey 895 patients living in the city of Malmo, Sweden, during 2002. Data were obtained on direct resource consumption, investments, informal care and work capacity, as well as utility, function and patients' assessment of disease severity and pain. Results: The survey was completed by 613 patients (68%). Their mean age was 66 years, 74% were female and the mean duration of disease was 16.7 years. The total mean annual cost per patient was 108 370 SEK (12 020 EUR). Direct costs represented 41% of that amount and were predominantly for drugs [141% of the participants were receiving treatment with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers], community services and hospitalisation. Function measured with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) was the main statistical predictor for all types of costs except sick leave, which was most strongly associated with patients' perception of global health. Conclusion: This is the first study in Sweden to include all costs incurred by a group representative of RA in the community. In comparison with previous studies, total costs had increased by more than 40%. Furthermore, direct costs were higher and constituted a great proportion of total costs because of more intensive treatments (i.e. the use of TNF blockers). Future comparisons will enable health economic evaluations on a community level.
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- Smulko, J., et al.
(författare)
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Application of 1/f current noise for quality and age monitoring of electrochromic devices
- 2008
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Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 92:8, s. 914-918
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is a continuation of an earlier study on 1/f noise in electrochromic (EC) devices undergoing discharge via a resistor. The EC devices comprised films of W oxide and Ni-V oxide joined by a polymer electrolyte, and with this three-layer stack positioned between transparent conducting In2O3:Sn films backed by polyester foils. We also investigated "symmetrical" devices with two identical films of W oxide or Ni-V oxide. The power spectral density S-i at fixed frequency scaled with current (1) as S-i similar to I-2. Color/bleach cycling for about 2500 times degraded the optical properties and homogeneity of the EC devices and increased the 1/f noise intensity by a factor of four, which confirms the earlier assumption that 1/f noise has a good potential to serve as quality and aging assessment for EC devices. Studies of "symmetrical" devices proved that the noise was mainly associated with the Ni oxide, and measurements on individual parts of an EC device indicated that the 1/f noise originated from localized areas.
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