| 1. |
- Astin, Maria
(författare)
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A study on the vascular effects of prostaglandin F2α[ and latanaprost in the eye with special reference to the surface hyperaemia after topical administration
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ocular hypotensive effect of topically applied prostaglandins is usually accompanied byconjunctival hyperaemia and irritation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate thepharmacological mechanism of the ocular surface hyperaemia induced by topically appliedprostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and its synthetic analogue latanoprost, aselective FP prostanoid receptor agonist.The hyperaemia 1 hour after topical application of 1 µg PGF2α-isopropyl ester (PGF2α-ie) wasaccompanied by a marked increase of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) and CGRP-likeimmunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) in the aqueous humor (studied by radioimmunoassay), and significantincrease in blood flow to the surface structures and the anterior uvea (determined with radioactivelylabelled microspheres). The increase in blood flow was blocked by nitric oxide (NO) synthaseinhibition with L-NMMA, and by sensory denervation, particularly in the surface structures.Latanoprost caused clearly less hyperaemia than PGF2α-ie. The visible hyperaemic response to latanoprost at a dose of 10 µg was not associated with an increase in the blood flow or with SP-LI and CGRP-LI release into the aqueous humor. This prompted an investigation of the effects of the prostaglandins on veins.In vitro the vascular effect was studied by using a small vessel myograph. PGF2α caused relaxation of both bovine episcleral veins and long posterior ciliary arteries, in presence of GR32191B, a thromboxane (TP) receptor antagonist. The effects of latanoprost acid were negligible. Both PGF2α, and latanoprost acid induced relaxation of rabbit submental vein in presence of GR32191B. These effects were totally abolished by NO synthase inhibition with L-NAME and by denuding the endothelium, and significantly attenuated by blocking NK-1 and CGRP receptors with GR 82334 and CGRP 8-37, respectively.These results suggest that PGF2α-ie causes surface hyperaemia in rabbit eye by dilating arteries and veins, an effect mediated primarily by NO. The increased blood flow was furthermore caused by stimulation of sensory nerves. As latanoprost had no effect on blood flow, but did dilate veins, it would appear that the relaxation of the veins, but not the arteries; was mediated by FP receptors. Furthermore, both substance P and CGRP seem to be involved in the vasodilation induced by both prostaglandins.
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| 2. |
- Auer, Tibor, et al.
(författare)
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SÚLYOS KOPONYA-AGY SÉRÜLÉS VIZSGÁLATADIFFÚZIÓS TENZOR ÉS FUNKCIONÁLISMR-KÉPALKOTÁSSAL ALACSONY TÉRERÔN : [Diffusion tensor and functional MR imaging of severe traumatic craniocerebral injury at low magnetic field]
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ideggyogyaszati Szemle. - : Literatura Medica Kiado. - 0019-1442 .- 2498-6208. ; 60:11-12, s. 480-488
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim of the study: Presentation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) performed at low magnetic field (1 Tesla) in the algorithm of work-up of a patient suffering from severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Method: DTI and functional MRI (fMRI) were applied at 1 Tesla for visualization of neural pathways and examination of sensory functions of a patient with severe TBI. DTI-measurement was also performed on a healthy patient for comparison.Results: DTI acquired at low magnetic field yielded appropriate visualization of neural pathways. DTI confirmed the results of the clinical and fMRI examinations in the patient suffering from severe TBI.Conclusion: An optimized DTI can be useful in the examination of patients with TBI, moreover, it may also help in the establishment of diagnoses of other central nervous system diseases affecting neuronal pathways. The presented results suggest that DTI of appropriate quality can be performed at low magnetic field.
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| 3. |
- Ehriander, Helene, 1962-
(författare)
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Chick Lit in Historical Settings by Frida Skybäck
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Popular Romance Studies. - 2159-4473. ; :5.1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chick lit is mostly contemporary portrayals of single women in cities. The Swedish author Frida Skybäck writes “chick lit in corsets”, that is, chick lit in a historical setting, and she writes primarily for teenage girls. Her two novels Charlotte Hassel (2011) and Den vita frun (2012) balance between chick lit jr. and romance. They can also be read as historical novels, and in my article I highlight how Skybäck has consciously played with the different genres to convey a feminist message and to strengthen young readers.
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| 4. |
- Marsh, John E., et al.
(författare)
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Failing to get the gist of what’s being said : background noise impairs higher-order cognitive processing
- 2015
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A dynamic interplay is known to exist between auditory processing and human cognition. For example, prior investigations of speech-in-noise have revealed there is more to learning than just listening: Even if all words within a spoken list are correctly heard in noise, later memory for those words is typically impoverished. These investigations supported a view that there is a “gap” between the intelligibility of speech and memory for that speech. Here, the notion was that this gap between speech intelligibility and memorability is a function of the extent to which the spoken message seizes limited immediate memory resources (e.g., Kjellberg et al., 2008). Accordingly, the more difficult the processing of the spoken message, the less resources are available for elaboration, storage, and recall of that spoken material. However, it was not previously known how increasing that difficulty affected the memory processing of semantically rich spoken material. This investigation showed that noise impairs higher levels of cognitive analysis. A variant of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure that encourages semantic elaborative processes was deployed. On each trial, participants listened to a 36-item list comprising 12 words blocked by each of 3 different themes. Each of those 12 words (e.g., bed, tired, snore…) was associated with a “critical” lure theme word that was not presented (e.g., sleep). Word lists were either presented without noise or at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 decibels upon an A-weighting. Noise reduced false recall of the critical words, and decreased the semantic clustering of recall. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Marsh, Johne E., et al.
(författare)
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Hemispheric specialization in selective attention and short-term memory: a fine-coarse model of left- and right-ear disadvantages
- 2013
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers. - 1664-1078. ; 4:976
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serial short-term memory is impaired by irrelevant sound, particularly when the sound changes acoustically. This acoustic effect is larger when the sound is presented to the left compared to the right ear (a left-ear disadvantage). Serial memory appears relatively insensitive to distraction from the semantic properties of a background sound. In contrast, short-term free recall of semantic-category exemplars is impaired by the semantic properties of background speech and is relatively insensitive to the sounds acoustic properties. This semantic effect is larger when the sound is presented to the right compared to the left ear (a right-ear disadvantage). In this paper, we outline a speculative neurocognitive fine-coarse model of these hemispheric differences in relation to short-term memory and selective attention, and explicate empirical directions in which this model can be critically evaluated.
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| 6. |
- Marsh, John E., et al.
(författare)
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How the deployment of visual attention modulates auditory distraction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. - : Springer. - 1943-3921 .- 1943-393X. ; 82:1, s. 350-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Classically, attentional selectivity has been conceptualized as a passive by-product of capacity-limits on stimulus-processing. Here, we examine the role of more active cognitive control processes in attentional selectivity, focusing on how distraction from task-irrelevant sound is modulated by levels of task-engagement in a visually-presented short-term memory task. Task-engagement was varied by manipulating the load involved in the encoding of the (visually-presented) to-be-remembered items. Using a list of Navon letters (where a large letter is composed of smaller, different-identity, letters), participants were oriented to attend and serially recall the list of large letters (low encoding-load) or to attend and serially recall the list of small letters (high encoding-load). Attentional capture by a single deviant noise burst within a task-irrelevant tone sequence (the deviation effect) was eliminated under high encoding-load (Experiment 1). However, distraction from a continuously changing sequence of tones (the changing-state effect) was immune to the influence of load (Experiment 2). This dissociation in the amenability of the deviation effect and the changing-state effect to cognitive control supports a duplex- over a unitary-mechanism account of auditory distraction in which the deviation effect is due to attentional capture while the changing-state effect reflects direct interference between the processing of the sound and processes involved in the focal task. That the changing-state effect survives high encoding-load also goes against an alternative explanation of the attenuation of the deviation effect under high load in terms of the depletion of a limited perceptual resource that would result in diminished auditory processing.
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| 7. |
- Marsh, John E., et al.
(författare)
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Increased distractibility in schizotypy : independent of individual differences in working memory capacity?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-0218 .- 1747-0226. ; 70:3, s. 565-578
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individuals with schizophrenia typically show increased levels of distractibility. This has been attributed to impaired working memory capacity (WMC), since lower WMC is typically associated with higher distractibility and schizophrenia is typically associated with impoverished WMC. Here, participants performed verbal and spatial serial recall tasks that were accompanied by to-be-ignored speech tokens. For the few trials wherein one speech token was replaced with a different token, impairment was produced to task scores (a deviation effect). Participants subsequently completed a schizotypy questionnaire and a WMC measure. Higher schizotypy scores were associated with lower WMC (as measured with operation span [OSPAN]), but WMC and schizotypy scores explained unique variance in relation to the mean magnitude of the deviation effect. These results suggest that schizotypy is associated with heightened domain-general distractibility, but that this is independent of its relationship with WMC.
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| 8. |
- Marsh, John Everett, et al.
(författare)
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Irrelevant changing-state vibrotactile stimuli disrupt verbal serial recall: implications for theories of interference in short-term memory
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 36:1, s. 78-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What causes interference in short-term memory? We report the novel finding that immediate memory for visually-presented verbal items is sensitive to disruption from task-irrelevant vibrotactile stimuli. Specifically, short-term memory for a visual sequence is disrupted by a concurrently presented sequence of vibrations, but only when the vibrotactile sequence entails change (when the sequence “jumps” between the two hands). The impact on visual-verbal serial recall was similar in magnitude to that for auditory stimuli (Experiment 1). Performance of the missing item task, requiring recall of item-identity rather than item-order, was unaffected by changing-state vibrotactile stimuli (Experiment 2), as with changing-state auditory stimuli. Moreover, the predictability of the changing-state sequence did not modulate the magnitude of the effect, arguing against an attention-capture conceptualisation (Experiment 3). Results support the view that interference in short-term memory is produced by conflict between incompatible, amodal serial-ordering processes (interference-by-process) rather than interference between similar representational codes (interference-by-content).
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| 9. |
- Marsh, John E., et al.
(författare)
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Post-Categorical Auditory Distraction in Serial Short-Term Memory : Insights from Increased Task-Load and Task-Type
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0278-7393 .- 1939-1285. ; 44:6, s. 882-897
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Task-irrelevant speech impairs short-term serial recall appreciably. On the interference-by-process account, the processing of physical (i.e., precategorical) changes in speech yields order cues that conflict with the serial-ordering process deployed to perform the serial recall task. In this view, the postcategorical properties (e.g., phonology, meaning) of speech play no role. The present study reassessed the implications of recent demonstrations of auditory postcategorical distraction in serial recall that have been taken as support for an alternative, attentional-diversion, account of the irrelevant speech effect. Focusing on the disruptive effect of emotionally valent compared with neutral words on serial recall, we show that the distracter-valence effect is eliminated under conditions—high task-encoding load—thought to shield against attentional diversion whereas the general effect of speech (neutral words compared with quiet) remains unaffected (Experiment 1). Furthermore, the distracter-valence effect generalizes to a task that does not require the processing of serial order—the missing-item task—whereas the effect of speech per se is attenuated in this task (Experiment 2). We conclude that postcategorical auditory distraction phenomena in serial short-term memory (STM) are incidental: they are observable in such a setting but, unlike the acoustically driven irrelevant speech effect, are not integral to it. As such, the findings support a duplex-mechanism account over a unitary view of auditory distraction.
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| 10. |
- Marsh, John E., et al.
(författare)
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Predictability and distraction : does the neural model represent postcategorical features?
- 2014
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Ingår i: PsyCh Journal. - : Wiley. - 2046-0260 .- 2046-0252. ; 3:1, s. 58-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments examined the role of predictability within the elements of a task-irrelevant auditory sequence on the disruption produced to visual-verbal serial recall. Experiment 1 showed that participants did not benefit from having a long-term representation of the irrelevant sequence: A highly predictable, canonical sequence (“1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9”) produced as much disruption as a repeated random sequence (which was the same on each trial) and an unpredictable, random sequence (which differed on each trial), as compared with quiet. In line with this finding, there was also no difference between a predictable canonical and an unpredictable random sequence in Experiment 2. However, a deviant within the predictable, canonical sequence (“1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9”) produced greater disruption than a deviant within an unpredictable, random sequence (“4 8 2 9 5 5 7 3 1”). This effect was confined to early trials within the block. The results showed that long-term knowledge about the order of the individual elements in the sequence did not help attenuate the effect of auditory distraction on serial recall. Nevertheless, attentional capture was amplified when a deviant violated a well-known, canonical sequence, providing evidence that the neural model represents postcategorical sequential information.
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