| 1. |
- Marten, Tobias, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Double-segregation effect in AgxPd1-x/Ru(0001) thin film nanostructures
- 2008
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - : APS. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 77:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the structural properties of ultrathin AgxPd1-x films on top of a Ru(0001) substrate. Effective interatomic interactions, obtained from first-principles calculations, have been used in Monte Carlo simulations to derive the distribution of the alloy components in a four-monolayer (4-ML) Ag-Pd film. Though Ag-Pd alloys show complete solubility in the bulk, the thin film geometry leads to a pronounced segregation between Ag and Pd atoms with a strong preference of Ag atoms toward the surface and Pd atoms toward the interface. The theoretical prediction of this double-segregation effect is strongly supported by photoelectron spectroscopy experiments carried out for 4-ML thin films. We also show, in an additional experiment, that even in the case where initially 1 ML Ag is buried under 6 ML Pd, the whole Ag ML segregates to the surface.
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| 2. |
- Anderlund, Magnus F., et al.
(författare)
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A new, dinuclear high spin manganese(III) complex with bridging phenoxy and methoxy groups. Structure and magnetic properties
- 2006
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Ingår i: Inorganic Chemistry Communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 1387-7003 .- 1879-0259. ; 9:12, s. 1195-1198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new mu-phenoxy-mu-metoxy di-manganese(III) complex with the trisphenolic ligand, 2,6-bis[((2-hydroxybenzyl)(2-pyridylmethyl)amino)methyl]-4-methylphenol, was isolated as a perchlorate salt. The X-ray structure shows that the two manganese(III) ions are in a distorted octrahedral enviroment with approximately perpendicular Jahn-Teller axes. Investigation of the molar magnetic susceptibility reveals a ferromagnetic coupling between the two high-spin manganese(III) ions. Fitting of the data led to g = 2 and J = 12.5 cm(-1).
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Marten, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Suppression of disorder broadening of core-level photoelectron lines in CuAu alloys by inhomogeneous lattice distortion
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 79:1, s. 012201-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disorder broadening of core-level binding energies is a general effect observed in random alloys, and identifies an opportunity for studying specific local environments experimentally. Here we study it in an archetypical system: face-centered-cubic Cu50Au50. While the disorder broadening is clearly detectable at Au, at Cu it is below the detection limit. We supplement experiments by a theoretical study where we model the alloy by a large supercell constructed as a special quasirandom structure and calculate binding-energy shifts at all sites in the supercell. Theory shows that the suppression of the disorder broadening at Cu results from a delicate balance between the influence of local chemical environment and inhomogeneous lattice distortions on the site-resolved core-level shifts. Surprisingly, even larger relaxation-induced shifts are observed at Au sites.
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| 6. |
- Rockström, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A safe operating space for humanity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 461:7263, s. 472-475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Rockström, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Planetary Boundaries : Exploring the Safe Operating Space for Humanity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ecology & Society. - 1708-3087. ; 14:2, s. 32-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anthropogenic pressures on the Earth System have reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. We propose a new approach to global sustainability in which we define planetary boundaries within which we expect that humanity can operate safely. Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems. We have identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing upon current scientific understanding, we propose quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere <350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W m(-2) in radiative forcing); ocean acidification (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite >= 80% of pre-industrial levels); stratospheric ozone (<5% reduction in O-3 concentration from pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson Units); biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N-2 to 35 Tg N yr(-1)) and phosphorus (P) cycle (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background weathering of P); global freshwater use (<4000 km(3) yr(-1) of consumptive use of runoff resources); land system change (<15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland); and the rate at which biological diversity is lost (annual rate of <10 extinctions per million species). The two additional planetary boundaries for which we have not yet been able to determine a boundary level are chemical pollution and atmospheric aerosol loading. We estimate that humanity has already transgressed three planetary boundaries: for climate change, rate of biodiversity loss, and changes to the global nitrogen cycle. Planetary boundaries are interdependent, because transgressing one may both shift the position of other boundaries or cause them to be transgressed. The social impacts of transgressing boundaries will be a function of the social-ecological resilience of the affected societies. Our proposed boundaries are rough, first estimates only, surrounded by large uncertainties and knowledge gaps. Filling these gaps will require major advancements in Earth System and resilience science. The proposed concept of "planetary boundaries" lays the groundwork for shifting our approach to governance and management, away from the essentially sectoral analyses of limits to growth aimed at minimizing negative externalities, toward the estimation of the safe space for human development. Planetary boundaries define, as it were, the boundaries of the "planetary playing field" for humanity if we want to be sure of avoiding major human-induced environmental change on a global scale.
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