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| 2. |
- Anderson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental comparisons in façade fire testing considering SP Fire 105 and the BS 8414‐1
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 42:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comparison between full‐scale façade fire tests where SP Fire 105 and BS 8414‐1 were used regarding repeatability and the use of modeling to discern changes in the setups is presented. Two test series according to BS 8414‐1 were repeated outside using the same façade systems on 2 different days, whereas for the SP Fire 105 a set of common façade systems in Sweden were tested indoors. In particular, the results show that the wind around the test setup may have a significant impact on the tests and that the heat exposure to the façade surface will depend on the thickness of the test specimen where an increased temperature in front of the façade, and a decreased temperature on the façade 2.1 m above the fire room, is observed experimentally. The heat exposure to the test specimen varies to a more limited extent when an uncontrollable free burning fire source is used (in this study heptane and wood, respectively) and that this variation increases when wind is present.
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| 3. |
- Anderson, Johan, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Fire Safety of Façades
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Façade fires do not occur often (in comparison to other major structure fires) but in recent years there have been a number of spectacular façade fires in high rise building such as the recent fire in Grenfell Tower, London.Under-ventilated compartment fires may cause flames to spill out of window openings impinging the façade, thus devastating façade fires may start on one floor leap-frogging to adjacent floors. It is therefore necessary to limit or delay fire spread to higher floors. Requirements built on large scale fire testing may decrease the risk of these types of fires provided that the building is constructed according to the specifications provided by the manufacturer. Different countries have different regulations and tests for façades. New materials and façade systems are continuously introduced which might call for an update of these tests and regulations.This report summarizes experimental and modelling efforts in characterizing the fire safety of façades using the Swedish SP Fire 105 and the British BS 8414 methods. Recent experimental results and modelling is presented exploring the variations in the fire exposure, fire load and the fuel used. The fire source and the heat exposure to the façade are characterized by additional temperatures measured by plate thermometers while some other aspects are only treated in the numerical study such as a change in fuel. It is found that the results from the BS 8414 are largely affected by wind and climate since the experimental test was performed outdoors, moreover fire spread on wooden façades is also briefly discussed.In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the test methods and the results CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) Modelling in FDS was used. The models were based on measured input parameters including uncertainties and an assessment of the impact of said uncertainties. The models could often reproduce the experimentally found temperatures qualitatively and quantitatively. A detailed discussion on the regulations and the tests that lead to the SP Fire 105 test method is also presented. Summaries of the façade testing methods and conditions in other European countries are presented in the appendices.Finally possible ways forward in updating the façade testing and regulations are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Anderson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of fire exposure in facade fire testing
- 2017
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 42:5, s. 475-483
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a comparative simulation study on 3 large‐scale facade testing methods, namely,the SP Fire 105, BS 8414‐1, and the ISO 13785‐2 methods, is presented. Generally goodcorrespondence between simulations and experimental data has been found, provided thatthermal properties of the facade material and heat release rates are known; however, thecorrespondence deviates in close proximity of the fire source. Furthermore, a statistical ensemblefor evaluating the effects stemming from uncertainty in input data is used. Here, it wasfound using this statistical ensemble that the variability was smaller in the ISO 13785‐2compared to the BS 8414‐1 method. The heat release rates (HRR) used in the simulations wereadopted from measurements except for the ISO method where the information in the standardwas used to approximate the HRR. A quantitative similarity between the HRR in the ISOmethod and the British method was found.
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| 5. |
- Anderson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Uncertainties in façade fire tests - Measurements and modeling
- 2016
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Ingår i: MATEC Web of Conferences. - : EDP Sciences.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper a comparison between test and modelling results are performed for two large-scale façade fire testing methods, namely SP Fire 105 and BS 8414-1. In order to be able to compare tests and modelling the uncertainties have to be quantified both in the test and the modelling. Here we present a methodology based on deterministic sampling to quantify uncertainties in the modelling input. We find, in general good agreement between the models and the test results. Moreover, temperatures estimated by plate thermometers is indicated to be less sensitive to small variations in model input and is thus suitable for these kind of comparisons.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Boström, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Fire test of ventilated and unventilated wooden façades
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Three large scale façade tests in accordance with SP Fire 105 as well as an ad hoc SBItest have been carried out. The façade tests included an inert façade made of lightweightconcrete, one façade with a plywood cladding and finally a façade with plywood claddingwith a fully ventilated cavity behind the cladding. The SBI test was made with plywoodwithout ventilation cavity. The aim of the tests was to perform well controlled tests withnumerous of measurements including heat release rate, heat from the combustionchamber, temperature on the façade surface, heat flux, plume temperatures andtemperatures in the ventilation cavity. The results from the tests will be used forvalidation of simulation techniques as well as input for further development of the façadetest methodology.Conclusions from the study were that the surface temperature for charring of the plywoodcladding in this configuration was in the region of 300 °C and that the energy releaseoriginated from the façade during the test was almost twice as high when there was a20 mm wide cavity behind the plywood cladding.Key words: fire test, facade, wood, ventilation cavity
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| 8. |
- Boström, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Screening test methods for determination of fire spalling of concrete
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The fire resistance of concrete structures is generally good, but for some types of concrete fire spalling can reduce the fire resistance significantly. Therefore, methods are needed to predict whether a concrete will spall when exposed to fire and the severity of spalling.The objective of the present project was to develop an intermediate scale test method for the evaluation of the spalling behavior of concrete. The test method shall be cost effective and enable screening of different concretes before a full scale approval test is performed. A number of different intermediate scale test methods have been evaluated regarding the precision to reproduce the spalling behavior of that observed in full scale tests.Of the different test specimen shapes and methods, a circular test specimen where the concrete is casted in a steel tube has shown the best correlation to the full scale tests performed. This specimen is easy to produce, and the fire test can be performed on a small furnace.
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| 10. |
- Jansson McNamee, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The function of intumescent paint for steel during different fire exposures
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the present study the behaviour of four intumescent systems for steel was investigated experimentally. The main purpose of the study was to determine the behaviour of the systems during different fire scenarios including standardized furnace testing, tests in cone calorimeter and ad hoc tests including ceiling jets and fire plumes. The experimental campaign shows that two of the investigated systems did perform very poorly in the furnace tests compared to what they were designed for, despite being the systems having the best swelling in the cone calorimeter tests. This highlights the importance of adhesion at high temperature for this type of systems. Since adhesion is crucial a more relevant evaluation for this type of systems ought to be a test where the flows around the specimen can be characterized and controlled, i.e. a ceiling jet or a fire plume scenario. This is especially important as steel protected with intumescent systems are often used in large open spaces where local fire plumes and ceiling jets are expected.Key words: intumescent paint, steel, alternative exposure
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