| 1. |
- Schwellnus, Martin, et al.
(author)
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How much is too much? (Part 2) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness
- 2016
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In: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 50:17, s. 1043-1052
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The modern-day athlete participating in elite sports is exposed to high training loads and increasingly saturated competition calendar. Emerging evidence indicates that inappropriate load management is a significant risk factor for acute illness and the overtraining syndrome. The IOC convened an expert group to review the scientific evidence for the relationship of loadincluding rapid changes in training and competition load, competition calendar congestion, psychological load and traveland health outcomes in sport. This paper summarises the results linking load to risk of illness and overtraining in athletes, and provides athletes, coaches and support staff with practical guidelines for appropriate load management to reduce the risk of illness and overtraining in sport. These include guidelines for prescription of training and competition load, as well as for monitoring of training, competition and psychological load, athlete well-being and illness. In the process, urgent research priorities were identified.
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| 2. |
- Soligard, Torbjorn, et al.
(author)
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How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury
- 2016
-
In: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 50:17, s. 1030-1041
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Athletes participating in elite sports are exposed to high training loads and increasingly saturated competition calendars. Emerging evidence indicates that poor load management is a major risk factor for injury. The International Olympic Committee convened an expert group to review the scientific evidence for the relationship of load (defined broadly to include rapid changes in training and competition load, competition calendar congestion, psychological load and travel) and health outcomes in sport. We summarise the results linking load to risk of injury in athletes, and provide athletes, coaches and support staff with practical guidelines to manage load in sport. This consensus statement includes guidelines for (1) prescription of training and competition load, as well as for (2) monitoring of training, competition and psychological load, athlete well-being and injury. In the process, we identified research priorities.
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| 3. |
- Tellez, Helio Fernandez, et al.
(author)
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Exercise during Short-Term and Long-Term Continuous Exposure to Hypoxia Exacerbates Sleep-Related Periodic Breathing
- 2016
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In: Sleep. - : Associated Professional Sleep Societies. - 0161-8105 .- 1550-9109. ; 39:4, s. 773-783
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Study Objectives: Exposure to hypoxia elevates chemosensitivity, which can lead to periodic breathing. Exercise impacts gas exchange, altering chemosensitivity; however, interactions between sleep, exercise and chronic hypoxic exposure have not been examined. This study investigated whether exercise exacerbates sleep-related periodic breathing in hypoxia. Methods: Two experimental phases. Short-Term Phase: a laboratory controlled, group-design study in which 16 active, healthy men (age: 25 +/- 3 y, height: 1.79 +/- 0.06 m, mass: 74 +/- 8 kg) were confined to a normobaric hypoxic environment (FIO2 = 0.139 +/- 0.003, 4,000 m) for 10 days, after random assignment to a sedentary (control, CON) or cycle-exercise group (EX). Long-Term Phase: conducted at the Concordia Antarctic Research Station (3,800 m equivalent at the Equator) where 14 men (age: 36 +/- 9 y, height: 1.77 +/- 0.09 m, mass: 75 +/- 10 kg) lived for 12-14 months, continuously confined. Participants were stratified post hoc based on self-reported physical activity levels. We quantified apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and physical activity variables. Results: Short-Term Phase: mean AHI scores were significantly elevated in the EX group compared to CON (Night1 = CON: 39 +/- 51, EX: 91 +/- 59; Night10 = CON: 32 +/- 32, EX: 92 +/- 48; P = 0.046). Long-Term Phase: AHI was correlated to mean exercise time (R-2 = 0.4857; P = 0.008) and the coefficient of variation in night oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO(2); R-2 = 0.3062; P = 0.049). Conclusions: Data indicate that exercise (physical activity) per se affects night SpO(2) concentrations and AHI after a minimum of two bouts of moderateintensity hypoxic exercise, while habitual physical activity in hypobaric hypoxic confinement affects breathing during sleep, up to 13+ months' duration
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