| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Zhan, Y., et al.
(författare)
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Materials capability and device performance in flexible electronics for the Internet of Things
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry C. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7534. ; 2:7, s. 1220-1232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Internet of Things (IoT) has a broad vision of connecting every single object in the world to form one network. Flexible electronic devices, including RFIDs, sensors, memory devices, displays and power sources, are considered to be the technological basis of the IoT. The development of flexible electronic devices has been extremely rapid in the last decade. Many novel applications have been demonstrated, showing a strong potential impact on human life. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress in the research of flexible electronic devices and related flexible material within the framework of the IoT.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Liang, H. L., et al.
(författare)
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Growth of single-phase Mg0.3Zn0.7O films suitable for solar-blind optical devices on RS-MgO substrates
- 2012
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 520:6, s. 1705-1708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single-phase rock-salt Mg0.3Zn0.7O film was fabricated on MgO (100) substrate by radio-frequency plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. A smooth surface was observed by in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and ex-situ atomic force microscopy. X-ray diffraction characterization demonstrated a high-quality single-phase structure with highly (200) orientation and cube-on-cube epitaxial relationship. Zn fraction in the single-phase rock-salt Mg0.3Zn0.7O film was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Optical property of the film was investigated by reflectance spectroscopy, which indicated a solar-blind band gap of 255.5 nm. The reason why Zn solubility limit is greatly enhanced in non-polar (100) film compared with (111) polar epilayer is tentatively discussed in this work, suggesting MgO (100) is more suitable for the synthesis of single-phase rock-salt MgZnO with high Zn content towards solar-blind opto-device applications.
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| 6. |
- Liang, H. L., et al.
(författare)
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High Zn content single-phase RS-MgZnO suitable for solar-blind frequency applications
- 2010
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Ingår i: 2010 Wide Bandgap Cubic Semiconductors. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 9780735408470 ; , s. 185-190
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single-phase rock-salt MgZnO films with high Zn content were successfully fabricated on the templates of MgO (111)/α-sapphire (0001) by radio-frequency plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The influence of growth temperature on epitaxy of MgZnO alloy films was investigated by the combined studies of crystal structures, compositions, and optical properties. It is found that the incorporation of Zn atoms into the rock-salt MgZnO films is greatly enhanced at low temperature, confirmed by in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction observations and ex-situ X-ray diffraction characterization. Zn fraction in the single-phase rock-salt Mg 0.53Zn0.47O film was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Optical properties of the films were investigated by transmittance spectroscopy and reflectance spectroscopy, both of which demonstrate the solar-blind band gap and its dependence on Zn content.
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| 7. |
- Sharma, Manish, et al.
(författare)
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Older Patients with Myeloma Derive Similar Benefit from Autologous Transplantation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biology of blood and marrow transplantation. - : Elsevier BV. - 1083-8791 .- 1523-6536. ; 20:11, s. 1796-1803
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) for plasma cell myeloma is performed less often in people >70 years old than in people <= 70 years old. We analyzed 11,430 AHCT recipients for plasma cell myeloma prospectively reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research between 2008 and 2011, representing the majority of US AHCT activity during this period. Survival (OS) was compared in 3 cohorts: ages 18 to 59 years (n = 5818), 60 to 69 years (n = 4666), and >70 years (n = 946). Median OS was not reached for any cohort. In multivariate analysis, increasing age was associated with mortality (P = .0006). Myeloma-specific mortality was similar among cohorts at 12%, indicating an age-related effect on nonmyeloma mortality. Analyses were performed in a representative subgroup comparing relapse rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and nonrelapse mortality (NRM). One-year NRM was 0% for age >70 years and 2% for other ages (P = not significant). The three-year relapse rate was 56% in age 18 to 59 years, 61% in age 60 to 69 years, and 63% age >70 (P = not significant). Three-year PFS was similar at 42% in age 18 to 59 years, 38% in age 60 to 69 years, and 33% in age >70 years (P = not significant). Postrelapse survival was significantly worse for the older cohort (P = .03). Older subjects selected for AHCT derived similar antimyeloma benefit without worse NRM, relapse rate, or PFS.
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| 8. |
- Strand, M., et al.
(författare)
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2- 4,5-Difluoro-2-(2-Fluorobenzoylamino)-Benzoylamino Benzoic Acid, an Antiviral Compound with Activity against Acyclovir-Resistant Isolates of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2
- 2012
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Ingår i: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0066-4804 .- 1098-6596. ; 56:11, s. 5735-5743
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are responsible for lifelong latent infections in humans, with periods of viral reactivation associated with recurring ulcerations in the orofacial and genital tracts. In immunosuppressed patients and neonates, HSV infections are associated with severe morbidity and, in some cases, even mortality. Today, acyclovir is the standard therapy for the management of HSV infections. However, the need for novel antiviral agents is apparent, since HSV isolates resistant to acyclovir therapy are frequently isolated in immunosuppressed patients. In this study, we assessed the anti-HSV activity of the antiadenoviral compounds 2-[2-(2- benzoylamino)-benzoylamino]benzoic acid (benzavir-1) and 2-[4,5-difluoro-2-(2-fluorobenzoylamino)-benzoylamino]benzoic acid (benzavir-2) on HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both compounds were active against both viruses. Importantly, benzavir-2 had potency similar to that of acyclovir against both HSV types, and it was active against clinical acyclovir-resistant HSV isolates.
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| 9. |
- Wu, Yan, et al.
(författare)
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'In-situ' solution processed room temperature ferromagnetic MgO thin films printed by inkjet technique
- 2011
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Ingår i: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 9781605112695 ; , s. 105-109
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on 'in-situ' solution processed homogeneous (200) oriented MgO ∼85nm thin films deposited on Si substrates by inkjet printing. These films are found to show ferromagnetic order beyond room temperature with a saturation magnetization MS as high as ∼0.63 emu/g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations show the absence of any possible contamination effects, while the Mg 2p, and O 1s spectra indicate that the role of defect structure at the Mg site is important in the observed magnetism. By controlling the pH values of the precursors the concentration of the defects can be varied and hence tune the magnetization at room temperature. The origin of magnetism in these MgO thin films appears to arise from the cation vacancies.
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| 10. |
- Zheng, Dehua, et al.
(författare)
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Intramolecular Iron-Mediated C-H Bond Heterolysis with an Assist of Pendant Base in a [FeFe]-Hydrogenase Model
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 136:48, s. 16817-16823
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although many metalloenzymes containing iron play a prominent role in biological C-H activation processes, to date iron-mediated C(sp(3-)H heterolysis has not been reported for synthetic models of Fe/S-metalloenzymes. In contrast, ample precedent has established that nature's design for reversible hydrogen activation by the diiron hydrogenase ([FeFe]-H(2)ase) active site involves multiple irons, sulfur bridges, a redox switch, and a pendant amine base, in an intricate arrangement to perform H-H heterolytic cleavage. In response to whether this strategy might be extended to C-H activation, we report that a [FeFe]-H2ase model demonstrates iron-mediated intramolecular C-H heterolytic cleavage via an agostic C-H interaction, with proton removal by a nearby pendant amine, affording Fe-II-[ Fe'(II)-CH- S] three-membered-ring products, which can be reduced back to 1 by (CpCo)-Co-2 in the presence of HBF4. The function of the pendant base as a proton shuttle was confirmed by the crystal structures of the N-protonated intermediate and the final deprotonated product in comparison with that of a similar but pendant-amine-free complex that does not show evidence of C-H activation. The mechanism of the process was backed up by DFT calculations.
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