| 1. |
- Eriksson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Allocation of infrastructure cost in the maritime sector
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable consists in principle of two parts; one part with a review of the literature around maritime infrastructure cost with a focus on fairways (section 3), pilotage (section 4) and ports (section 5) and another part with an in-depth study on the Baltic icebreaking fleet (section 6). Our main conclusion from the first part is that all these parts of the infrastructure (fairways, pilotage and ports) show significant economies of scale. A long run marginal cost pricing strategy will never recover the cost and a short run pricing strategy (including user costs) will have problems with cost recovery if the capacity utilisation is low. The pricing strategies observed seem to use numerous forms of two part tariffs and "Ramsey" pricing solutions to solve the cost recovery issue of the sector. The consequence of all these (small) deviations from marginal cost pricing should probably be further analysed. The second part deals with icebreaking and notes that icebreaking in open water is not charged for by any EU Member State. Still the case study reported in this paper shows that the operation is characterised by considerable marginal costs. Finally, a relevant question to address is to what extent there are justifications for European or international legislation on maritime charging in the light of economic theory. Obviously, it is useful to address different parts of the maritime infrastructure separately.
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| 2. |
- Vierth, Inge, et al.
(författare)
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Svensk godsstudie baserad på nationell och internationell litteratur : internationell expose - persontransporter: inom uppdraget att kartlägga potentialen för överflyttning av transporter mellan trafikslag
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- VTI has been commissioned by SIKA to carry out a goods study as well as an international survey of transfers of passenger transport with the aim of reducing the climate impact. The goods study is based on national and international literature, complemented by a discussion meeting with representatives of the business sector, research sector and public authorities. The international survey is based on literature. Economic instruments, correctly designed, are cost-effective in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Railway investments are not a climate measure but should be carried out if they are socially efficient. There is a great potential for reducing emissions within the respective mode of transport. The largest transfer potential for goods transport is within long-distance lorry transport to combined rail-road transport. Several impediments such as inefficient use of the railway infrastructure and unclear responsibility for combi terminals can limit the measures. Insufficient flexibility and co-operation among transport purchasers and companies can have similar effects. Several measures are often combined for passenger transport to reduce car use and provide incentives to use public transport, cycle or walk. Reductions in travelling time are mainly discussed in the case of high-speed trains. Impediments for the introduction of instruments include political resistance as well as the difficulty of changing travel habits. Measures such as improved accessibility and more efficient cars may also counteract transfer to more climate-friendly modes of transport. The climate policy goal is not transfer but the reduction of the climate impact.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Vierth, Inge, et al.
(författare)
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Transporteffekter av IMO:s skärpta emissionskrav : modellberäkningar på uppdrag av Sjöfartsverket
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish Government has commissioned the Swedish Maritime Administration to assess the consequences of the new rules for airborne emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from maritime transport, adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in October 2008. On behalf of the Swedish Maritime Administration, the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) has shed light on whether the IMO's more stringent emission requirements in the SOx Emission Control Area (SECA - covering the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, and the English Channel), will lead to transfer of freight transport from maritime to other modes of transport. Model calculations have been made with the aid of the new national Samgods logistics model Version 2.0 for three of the alternatives examined by the Swedish Maritime Administration.
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