| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Weinstein, John N., et al.
(författare)
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The cancer genome atlas pan-cancer analysis project
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 45:10, s. 1113-1120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network has profiled and analyzed large numbers of human tumors to discover molecular aberrations at the DNA, RNA, protein and epigenetic levels. The resulting rich data provide a major opportunity to develop an integrated picture of commonalities, differences and emergent themes across tumor lineages. The Pan-Cancer initiative compares the first 12 tumor types profiled by TCGA. Analysis of the molecular aberrations and their functional roles across tumor types will teach us how to extend therapies effective in one cancer type to others with a similar genomic profile. © 2013 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Li, Shanghua, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Nanocomposites of polymer and inorganic nanoparticles for optical and magnetic applications
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nano reviews. - : CoAction Publishing. - 2000-5121. ; 1, s. 5214-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides an up-to-date review on nanocomposites composed of inorganic nanoparticles and the polymer matrix for optical and magnetic applications. Optical or magnetic characteristics can change upon the decrease of particle sizes to very small dimensions, which are, in general, of major interest in the area of nanocomposite materials. The use of inorganic nanoparticles into the polymer matrix can provide high-performance novel materials that find applications in many industrial fields. With this respect, frequently considered features are optical properties such as light absorption (UV and color), and the extent of light scattering or, in the case of metal particles, photoluminescence, dichroism, and so on, and magnetic properties such as superparamagnetism, electromagnetic wave absorption, and electromagnetic interference shielding. A general introduction, definition, and historical development of polymer-inorganic nanocomposites as well as a comprehensive review of synthetic techniques for polymer-inorganic nanocomposites will be given. Future possibilities for the development of nanocomposites for optical and magnetic applications are also introduced. It is expected that the use of new functional inorganic nano-fillers will lead to new polymer-inorganic nanocomposites with unique combinations of material properties. By careful selection of synthetic techniques and understanding/exploiting the unique physics of the polymeric nanocomposites in such materials, novel functional polymer-inorganic nanocomposites can be designed and fabricated for new interesting applications such as optoelectronic and magneto-optic applications.
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| 5. |
- Lin, Meng Meng, et al.
(författare)
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Complete separation of magnetic nanoparticles via chemical cleavage of dextran by ethylenediamine for intracellular uptake
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 0959-9428 .- 1364-5501. ; 20:3, s. 444-447
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Completely water dispersible and highly monodispersed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were prepared. The surface of SPIONs was modified with dual-crosslinked amine activated dextran (AMD) and chemical cleavage of AMD on SPIONs was carried out by ethylenediamine hydrochloride (EDA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that individual SPIONs were completely separated in water and the average diameter of resulting nanoparticles was 4.4 nm.
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| 6. |
- Lin, Meng Meng, et al.
(författare)
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Surface activation and targeting strategies of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in cancer-oriented diagnosis and therapy
- 2010
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Ingår i: NANOMEDICINE. - 1743-5889. ; 5:1, s. 109-133
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advanced fabrication and surface engineering of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) could offer excellent physiochemical features for noninvasive tumor imaging and drug delivery. The key issues of realization of maximized selective cancer targeting of SPIONs are minimization of uptake by macrophages, preferential binding to cancerous cells over neighboring normal cells, visualization of tumor cells prior to and after treatment and triggered drug release into target cells in a controlled fashion. In this article, we summarize the current status of fabrication of multifunctional SPION-based nanodevices specially designed for cancer-oriented diagnosis and therapy, with a focus on potential malignancy-targeting ligands' identification and development as nanocarriers. A number of examples of passive and active targeting strategies - lymphoangiogenesis markers, cellular metabolite receptors, extracellular matrix component receptors, neuropeptide receptors and receptor-mediated bypass of the blood-brain barrier - are described in detail.
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| 7. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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swepub:Mat__t (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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