| 1. |
- Abel, I, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results with the ITER-like wall
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 53:10, s. 104002-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the completion in May 2011 of the shutdown for the installation of the beryllium wall and the tungsten divertor, the first set of JET campaigns have addressed the investigation of the retention properties and the development of operational scenarios with the new plasma-facing materials. The large reduction in the carbon content (more than a factor ten) led to a much lower Z(eff) (1.2-1.4) during L- and H-mode plasmas, and radiation during the burn-through phase of the plasma initiation with the consequence that breakdown failures are almost absent. Gas balance experiments have shown that the fuel retention rate with the new wall is substantially reduced with respect to the C wall. The re-establishment of the baseline H-mode and hybrid scenarios compatible with the new wall has required an optimization of the control of metallic impurity sources and heat loads. Stable type-I ELMy H-mode regimes with H-98,H-y2 close to 1 and beta(N) similar to 1.6 have been achieved using gas injection. ELM frequency is a key factor for the control of the metallic impurity accumulation. Pedestal temperatures tend to be lower with the new wall, leading to reduced confinement, but nitrogen seeding restores high pedestal temperatures and confinement. Compared with the carbon wall, major disruptions with the new wall show a lower radiated power and a slower current quench. The higher heat loads on Be wall plasma-facing components due to lower radiation made the routine use of massive gas injection for disruption mitigation essential.
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| 2. |
- Romanelli, F, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 51:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the last IAEA Conference JET has been in operation for one year with a programmatic focus on the qualification of ITER operating scenarios, the consolidation of ITER design choices and preparation for plasma operation with the ITER-like wall presently being installed in JET. Good progress has been achieved, including stationary ELMy H-mode operation at 4.5 MA. The high confinement hybrid scenario has been extended to high triangularity, lower ρ*and to pulse lengths comparable to the resistive time. The steady-state scenario has also been extended to lower ρ*and ν*and optimized to simultaneously achieve, under stationary conditions, ITER-like values of all other relevant normalized parameters. A dedicated helium campaign has allowed key aspects of plasma control and H-mode operation for the ITER non-activated phase to be evaluated. Effective sawtooth control by fast ions has been demonstrated with3He minority ICRH, a scenario with negligible minority current drive. Edge localized mode (ELM) control studies using external n = 1 and n = 2 perturbation fields have found a resonance effect in ELM frequency for specific q95values. Complete ELM suppression has, however, not been observed, even with an edge Chirikov parameter larger than 1. Pellet ELM pacing has been demonstrated and the minimum pellet size needed to trigger an ELM has been estimated. For both natural and mitigated ELMs a broadening of the divertor ELM-wetted area with increasing ELM size has been found. In disruption studies with massive gas injection up to 50% of the thermal energy could be radiated before, and 20% during, the thermal quench. Halo currents could be reduced by 60% and, using argon/deuterium and neon/deuterium gas mixtures, runaway electron generation could be avoided. Most objectives of the ITER-like ICRH antenna have been demonstrated; matching with closely packed straps, ELM resilience, scattering matrix arc detection and operation at high power density (6.2 MW m-2) and antenna strap voltages (42 kV). Coupling measurements are in very good agreement with TOPICA modelling. © 2011 IAEA, Vienna.
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| 3. |
- Erni, W., et al.
(författare)
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Technical design report for the PANDA (AntiProton Annihilations at Darmstadt) Straw Tube Tracker
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal A. Hadrons and Nuclei. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6001 .- 1434-601X. ; 49:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This document describes the technical layout and the expected performance of the Straw Tube Tracker (STT), the main tracking detector of the PANDA target spectrometer. The STT encloses a Micro-Vertex-Detector (MVD) for the inner tracking and is followed in beam direction by a set of GEM stations. The tasks of the STT are the measurement of the particle momentum from the reconstructed trajectory and the measurement of the specific energy loss for a particle identification. Dedicated simulations with full analysis studies of certain proton-antiproton reactions, identified as being benchmark tests for the whole PANDA scientific program, have been performed to test the STT layout and performance. The results are presented, and the time lines to construct the STT are described.
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| 4. |
- Thomser, C., et al.
(författare)
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Plasma facing materials for the jet iter-like wall
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fusion science and technology. - 1536-1055 .- 1943-7641. ; 62:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chosen materials for plasma facing components for the deuterium/tritium phase of ITER are beryllium and tungsten. These materials have already been widely investigated in various devices like ion beam or electron beam tests. However, the operation of this material combination in a large tokamak including plasma wall interaction, material degradation, erosion and material mixing has not been proven yet. The ITER-like Wall, which has been recently installed in JET, consists of a combination of bulk tungsten and tungsten coated CFC divertor tiles as well as bulk beryllium and beryllium coated INCONEL in the main chamber. The experiments in JET will provide the first fully representative test of the ITER material choice under relevant conditions. This paper concentrates on material research and developments for the materials of the JET ITER-like Wall with respect to mechanical and thermal properties. The impact of these materials and components on the JET operating limits with the ITER-like Wall and implications for the ongoing scientific program will be summarised.
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| 5. |
- Brezinsek, S., et al.
(författare)
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Overview of experimental preparation for the ITER-Like Wall at JET
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 415:1, s. S936-S942
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments in JET with carbon-based plasma-facing components have been carried out in preparation of the ITER-Like Wall with beryllium main chamber and full tungsten divertor. The preparatory work was twofold: (i) development of techniques, which ensure safe operation with the new wall and (ii) provision of reference plasmas, which allow a comparison of operation with carbon and metallic wall. (i) Compatibility with the W divertor with respect to energy loads could be achieved in N-2 seeded plasmas at high densities and low temperatures, finally approaching partial detachment, with only moderate confinement reduction of 10%. Strike-point sweeping increases the operational space further by re-distributing the load over several components. (ii) Be and C migration to the divertor has been documented with spectroscopy and QMBs under different plasma conditions providing a database which will allow a comparison of the material transport to remote areas with metallic walls. Fuel retention rates of 1.0-2.0 x 10(21) D s(-1) were obtained as references in accompanied gas balance studies.
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| 6. |
- Jokhovets, L., et al.
(författare)
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ADC-Based Real-Time Signal Processing for the PANDA Straw Tube Tracker
- 2014
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 61:6, s. 3627-3634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The PANDA (AntiProton Annihilations at Darmstadt) experiment is being built at the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany. PANDA will measure antiproton-proton annihilation reactions in the charm quark mass range to investigate the nature of the strong interaction. This particle physics experiment will run at very high reaction rates of 10-20 MHz. Our work is related to an ADC (analog-to-digital converter) based data acquisition system for the PANDA Straw Tube Tracker (STT). The STT will be able to deliver data rates up to 20 GByte/s through over 4600 signal channels and could require major efforts for the hardware implementation as well as high offline processing power. Test beam studies were carried out in order to specify a proper system architecture with feasible hardware and to reduce output data stream to a level suitable for offline processing. We analyze the strawtube response to both the proton beam and irradiation. Furthermore, we present real-time processing using the neighboring straw information and introduce the technique to reconstruct the tracks.
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| 7. |
- Neu, R., et al.
(författare)
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First operation with the JET International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor-like wall
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physics of Plasmas. - : AIP Publishing. - 1070-664X .- 1089-7674. ; 20:5, s. 056111-1-056111-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To consolidate International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) design choices and prepare for its operation, Joint European Torus (JET) has implemented ITER's plasma facing materials, namely, Be for the main wall and W in the divertor. In addition, protection systems, diagnostics, and the vertical stability control were upgraded and the heating capability of the neutral beams was increased to over 30 MW. First results confirm the expected benefits and the limitations of all metal plasma facing components (PFCs) but also yield understanding of operational issues directly relating to ITER. H-retention is lower by at least a factor of 10 in all operational scenarios compared to that with C PFCs. The lower C content (≈ factor 10) has led to much lower radiation during the plasma burn-through phase eliminating breakdown failures. Similarly, the intrinsic radiation observed during disruptions is very low, leading to high power loads and to a slow current quench. Massive gas injection using a D2/Ar mixture restores levels of radiation and vessel forces similar to those of mitigated disruptions with the C wall. Dedicated L-H transition experiments indicate a 30% power threshold reduction, a distinct minimum density, and a pronounced shape dependence. The L-mode density limit was found to be up to 30% higher than for C allowing stable detached divertor operation over a larger density range. Stable H-modes as well as the hybrid scenario could be re-established only when using gas puff levels of a few 1021 es-1. On average, the confinement is lower with the new PFCs, but nevertheless, H factors up to 1 (H-Mode) and 1.3 (at β N ≈ 3, hybrids) have been achieved with W concentrations well below the maximum acceptable level.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ciera, L., et al.
(författare)
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Morphological and material properties of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) fibres with spores incorporated
- 2014
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Ingår i: Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. - : Instytut Wlokien Chemicznych,Institute of Chemical Fibres. - 1230-3666. ; 22:4, s. 29-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Owing to the current demand for textiles with new functionalities and improved properties, there has been a continuous effort to modify Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) materials. In our previous study, we demonstrated that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores can be incorporated into PET fibres during extrusion. However, the extent to which they can be incorporated without fundamentally changing the properties of the fibres is unknown. In this work, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical microscopy (OM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a Favimat tensile tester, and Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to study the properties of PET/spore fibres. The tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at break were dependent on the spore concentration. Additionally the degree of crystallinity increased slightly, whereas the melting and crystallisation temperatures remained constant at all spore concentration levels. Nevertheless the properties of the fibres fall within the acceptable range of variation and are found to be as good as normal PET fibres.
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| 10. |
- Romeo, Salvatore, et al.
(författare)
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Malignant fibrous histiocytoma and fibrosarcoma of bone: a re-assessment in the light of currently employed morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular approaches
- 2012
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Ingår i: Virchows Archiv: an international journal of pathology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-2307. ; 461:5, s. 561-570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) and fibrosarcoma (FS) of bone are rare malignant tumours and contentious entities. Sixty seven cases labelled as bone MFH (57) and bone FS (10) were retrieved from five bone tumour referral centres and reviewed to determine whether recent advances allowed for reclassification and identification of histological subgroups with distinct clinical behaviour. A panel of immunostains was applied: smooth muscle actin, desmin, h-caldesmon, cytokeratin AE1-AE3, CD31, CD34, CD68, CD163, CD45, S100 and epithelial membrane antigen. Additional fluorescence in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry were performed whenever appropriate. All cases were reviewed by six bone and soft tissue pathologists and a consensus was reached. Follow-up for 43 patients (median 42 months, range 6-223 months) was available. Initial histological diagnosis was reformulated in 18 cases (26.8 %). Seven cases were reclassified as leiomyosarcoma, six as osteosarcoma, three as myxofibrosarcoma and one each as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma. One case showed a peculiar biphasic phenotype with epithelioid nests and myofibroblastic spindle cells. Among the remaining 48 cases, which met the WHO criteria for bone FS and bone MFH, we identified five subgroups. Seven cases were reclassified as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) and 11 as UPS with incomplete myogenic differentiation due to positivity for at least one myogenic marker. Six were reclassified as spindle cell sarcoma not otherwise specified. Among the remaining 24 cases, we identified a further two recurrent morphologic patterns: eight cases demonstrated a myoepithelioma-like phenotype and 16 cases a myofibroblastic phenotype. One of the myoepithelioma-like cases harboured a EWSR1-NFATC2 fusion. It appears that bone MFH and bone FS represent at best exclusion diagnoses.
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