| 1. |
- Michelsen, H. A., et al.
(författare)
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Modeling laser-induced incandescence of soot: a summary and comparison of LII models
- 2007
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Ingår i: Applied Physics B. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0946-2171 .- 1432-0649. ; 87:3, s. 503-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have performed a comparison of ten models that predict the temporal behavior of laser-induced incandescence (LII) of soot. In this paper we present a summary of the models and comparisons of calculated temperatures, diameters, signals, and energy-balance terms. The models were run assuming laser heating at 532 nm at fluences of 0.05 and 0.70 J/cm(2) with a laser temporal profile provided. Calculations were performed for a single primary particle with a diameter of 30 nm at an ambient temperature of 1800 K and a pressure of 1 bar. Preliminary calculations were performed with a fully constrained model. The comparison of unconstrained models demonstrates a wide spread in calculated LII signals. Many of the differences can be attributed to the values of a few important parameters, such as the refractive-index function E(m) and thermal and mass accommodation coefficients. Constraining these parameters brings most of the models into much better agreement with each other, particularly for the low-fluence case. Agreement among models is not as good for the high-fluence case, even when selected parameters are constrained. The reason for greater variability in model results at high fluence appears to be related to solution approaches to mass and heat loss by sublimation.
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| 2. |
- Andersen, Natalija, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrolysis of cellulose using mono-component enzymes shows synergy during hydrolysis of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC), but competition on Avicel
- 2008
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Ingår i: Enzyme and Microbial Technology. - 0141-0229. ; :42, s. 362-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study the synergy between the three groups of cellulolytic enzymes, 20 mixtures of different mole percentage of Humicola insolens Cel45A (EG V) and Cel6A (CBH II), and Penicillium brasilianum Cel3A (β-glucosidase) were used to hydrolyze Avicel and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose/Avicel (PASC). In contrast to previous studies, where β-glucosidase was either not added or added in excess, we here focus on engineering binary, as well as, ternary cellulase mixtures (including a range of different mol% of Cel3A) for maximal total sugar production. Precise hydrolysis pattern based on the concentration of soluble hydrolysis products (glucose to cellohexaose measured by HPLC) was determined. The importance of proper assay selection for hydrolysis products detection was illustrated. It was found that degree of synergy (DS) for degradation of PASC were generally larger than 1 (indicating cooperativity between the enzymes), increasing as the hydrolysis proceeded. DS of binary exo-/endo-glucanase mixtures, decreased as the mol% of Cel45A increased. In contrast to hydrolysis of PASC, DS values during degradation of Avicel were less then 1, indicating inhibition of the involved enzymes. Thus, our data point to competition for the same binding sites between endo- and exo-glucanases, and preferential absorbance of exo-glucanases on crystalline substrates.
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| 3. |
- McManus, V., et al.
(författare)
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Discussion groups with parents of children with cerebral palsy in Europe designed to assist development of a relevant measure of environment
- 2006
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Ingår i: Child Care Health Dev. - 0305-1862. ; 32:2, s. 185-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: An instrument to measure environmental factors relevant to physically impaired children is being developed in a European context. Preliminary work in England had identified some potentially important themes. Further inquiry was needed to identify issues important in other European countries. OBJECTIVE: To inform the content of a questionnaire relevant to the environment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) living in Europe. DESIGN: A qualitative study using discussion groups. PARTICIPANTS: Parents of 28 children with CP from five countries; Denmark, France, Italy, Ireland and Sweden. One discussion group was held in each country with an average of seven parents per group. RESULTS: The four themes identified in the preliminary work done in England were strongly confirmed across Europe - namely: Mobility, Transport, Support by and to parents, and Attitudes of individuals and institutions towards children. Two new themes identified in the discussion groups were Bureaucracy and Access to information about rights and entitlements. CONCLUSIONS: The environmental factors that cause concern to parents of children with CP are similar across Europe. A prototype environmental questionnaire has been developed based on these findings. The environmental questionnaire is in use in a study in nine European centres.
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| 4. |
- Mikkelsen, T N, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental design of multifactor climate change experiments with elevated CO2, warming and drought: the CLIMAITE project
- 2008
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Ingår i: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2435 .- 0269-8463. ; 22:1, s. 185-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent findings indicate that the interactions among CO2, temperature and water can be substantial, and that the combined effects on the biological systems of several factors may not be predicted from experiments with one or a few factors. Therefore realistic multifactorial experiments involving a larger set of main factors are needed. We describe a new Danish climate change-related field scale experiment, CLIMAITE, in a heath/grassland ecosystem. CLIMAITE is a full factorial combination of elevated CO2, elevated temperature and prolonged summer drought. The manipulations are intended to mimic anticipated major environmental changes at the site by year 2075 as closely as possible. The impacts on ecosystem processes and functioning (at ecophysiological levels, through responses by individuals and communities to ecosystem-level responses) are investigated simultaneously. The increase of [CO2] closely corresponds with the scenarios for year 2075, while the warming treatment is at the lower end of the predictions and seems to be the most difficult treatment to increase without unwanted side effects on the other variables. The drought treatment follows predictions of increased frequency of drought periods in summer. The combination of the treatments does not create new unwanted side effects on the treatments relative to the treatments alone.
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