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| 2. |
- Groenen, M. A., et al.
(författare)
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Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 491:7424, s. 393-398
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For 10,000 years pigs and humans have shared a close and complex relationship. From domestication to modern breeding practices, humans have shaped the genomes of domestic pigs. Here we present the assembly and analysis of the genome sequence of a female domestic Duroc pig (Sus scrofa) and a comparison with the genomes of wild and domestic pigs from Europe and Asia. Wild pigs emerged in South East Asia and subsequently spread across Eurasia. Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars approximately 1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Genes associated with immune response and olfaction exhibit fast evolution. Pigs have the largest repertoire of functional olfactory receptor genes, reflecting the importance of smell in this scavenging animal. The pig genome sequence provides an important resource for further improvements of this important livestock species, and our identification of many putative disease-causing variants extends the potential of the pig as a biomedical model.
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| 3. |
- Blunden, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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State of the Climate in 2012
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 94:8, s. S1-S258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the first time in serveral years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Ni a dissipated to ENSOneutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Ni a-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in to the effects of La Ni a, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near-or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7 N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 +/- 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, 2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall.
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| 5. |
- Ferrari, Raffaele, et al.
(författare)
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Frontotemporal dementia and its subtypes: a genome-wide association study.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - 1474-4465. ; 13:7, s. 686-699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a complex disorder characterised by a broad range of clinical manifestations, differential pathological signatures, and genetic variability. Mutations in three genes-MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72-have been associated with FTD. We sought to identify novel genetic risk loci associated with the disorder.
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| 6. |
- Sandri, M, et al.
(författare)
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Signalling pathways regulating muscle mass in ageing skeletal muscle : The role of the IGF1-Akt-mTOR-FoxO pathway
- 2013
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Ingår i: Biogerontology (Dordrecht). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1389-5729 .- 1573-6768. ; 14:3 SI, s. 303-323
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During ageing skeletal muscles undergo a process of structural and functional remodelling that leads to sarcopenia, a syndrome characterized by loss of muscle mass and force and a major cause of physical frailty. To determine the causes of sarcopenia and identify potential targets for interventions aimed at mitigating ageing-dependent muscle wasting, we focussed on the main signalling pathway known to control protein turnover in skeletal muscle, consisting of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), the kinase Akt and its downstream effectors, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the transcription factor FoxO. Expression analyses at the transcript and protein level, carried out on well-characterized cohorts of young, old sedentary and old active individuals and on mice aged 200, 500 and 800 days, revealed only modest age-related differences in this pathway. Our findings suggest that during ageing there is no downregulation of IGF1/Akt pathway and that sarcopenia is not due to FoxO activation and upregulation of the proteolytic systems. A potentially interesting result was the increased phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6, indicative of increased activation of mTOR complex1 (mTORC1), in aged mice. This result may provide the rationale why rapamycin treatment and caloric restriction promote longevity, since both interventions blunt activation of mTORC1; however, this change was not statistically significant in humans. Finally, genetic perturbation of these pathways in old mice aimed at promoting muscle hypertrophy via Akt overexpression or preventing muscle loss through inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase atrogin1 were found to paradoxically cause muscle pathology and reduce lifespan, suggesting that drastic activation of the IGF1-Akt pathway may be counterproductive, and that sarcopenia is accelerated, not delayed, when protein degradation pathways are impaired.
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| 7. |
- Scandale, W., et al.
(författare)
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Manipulation of negatively charged beams VIA coherent effects in bent crystals
- 2010
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Ingår i: IPAC 2010. - : ACFA. - 9789290833529 ; , s. 4398-4400
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the experimental evidences we recorded with volume reflection and planar and axial channelings with negatively charged particles beam. High deflection efficiency was observed in all cases. The experiment was carried out by the UA9 collaboration in the external lines of the CERN SPS with a secondary beam of 150 GeV/c negative particles.
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| 8. |
- Scandale, W., et al.
(författare)
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Observation of multiple volume reflection by different planes in one bent silicon crystal for high-energy negative particles
- 2011
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Ingår i: Europhysics letters. - : EDP Sciences. - 0295-5075 .- 1286-4854. ; 93:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multiple volume reflection by different planes passing through the 〈111〉 axis in a bent silicon crystal was observed for the first time for 150 GeV/c negative particles, π- mesons, at one of the secondary beams of the CERN SPS. The beam of π- mesons was deflected opposite to the crystal bend by an angle of about 48 μrad, which is 4.6 times larger than in a single volume reflection by the (110) bent planes. The one-side deflection efficiency was about 65%. Multiple volume reflection transforms to a single volume reflection when the orientation angle of the 〈111〉 axis relative to the beam direction is increased. Copyright © 2011 Europhysics Letters Association.
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| 9. |
- Scandale, W., et al.
(författare)
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Deflection of high-energy negative particles in a bent crystal through axial channeling and multiple volume reflection stimulated by doughnut scattering
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 693:5, s. 545-550
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different kinds of deflection in a silicon crystal bent along the 〈111〉 axis was observed for 150 GeV/. c negative particles, mainly π- mesons, at one of the secondary beams of the CERN SPS. The whole beam was deflected to one side in quasi-bound states of doughnut scattering (DSB) by atomic strings with the efficiency (95.4 ± 0.2)% and with the peak position close to the bend crystal angle, α=185 μrad. It was observed volume capture of π- mesons into the DSB states with a probability higher than 7%. A beam deflection opposite to the crystal bend was observed for some orientations of the crystal axis due to doughnut scattering and subsequent multiple volume reflections of π- mesons by different bent planes crossing the axis. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
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| 10. |
- Scandale, W., et al.
(författare)
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Multiple volume reflections of high-energy protons in a sequence of bent silicon crystals assisted by volume capture
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 688:4-5, s. 284-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multiple volume reflections of the 400 GeV / c proton beam by the sequence of fourteen bent silicon strips has been studied at the CERN SPS. The sequence is close to be parallel that is the spread of the strip orientation angles is much smaller than their bend angle and eleven strips working coherently in the regime of volume reflections deflected the beam by 110 μrad with the efficiency 88%, which is significantly larger than the estimation based on independent reflections. The mechanism giving the efficiency increase has been studied by simulation. It appears that many particles volume captured in one of the strips take part in volume reflections in the subsequent ones. Such a crystal multi reflector can be successfully used as a primary collimator for the beam halo collimation of high-energy accelerators.
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