| 1. |
- Holowko, Natalie, et al.
(författare)
-
Educational mobility and weight gain over 13 years in a longitudinal study of young women
- 2014
-
Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - London : BioMed Central. - 1471-2458. ; 14, s. 1219-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Limited evidence exists about the role of education and own educational mobility on body weight trajectory. A better understanding of how education influences long term weight gain can help us to design more effective health policies. Methods: Using random effects models, the association between i) highest education (n = 10 018) and ii) educational mobility over a 9 year period (n = 9 907) and weight gain was analysed using five waves of data (over 13 years) from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health 1973-78 cohort (from 18-23 years to 31-36 years). Results: Highest educational attainment was inversely associated with weight at baseline and weight gain over 13 years. Compared to high educated women, those with a low (12 years or less) or intermediate (trade/certificate/diploma) education, respectively, weighed an additional 2.6 kg (95% CI: 1.9 to 3.1) and 2.5 kg (95% CI: 1.9 to 3.3) at baseline and gained an additional 3.9 kg (95% CI: 2.6 to 5.2) and 3.1 kg (95% CI: 2.6 to 3.9) over 13 years. Compared to women who remained with a low education, women with the greatest educational mobility had similar baseline weight to the women who already had a high education at baseline (2.7 kg lighter (95% CI:-3.7 to -1.8) and 2.7 kg lighter (95% CI:-3.4 to -1.9), respectively) and similarly favourable weight gain (gaining 3.1 kg less (95% CI:-4.0 to -2.21) and 4.2 kg less (95% CI:-4.8 to -3.4) over the 13 years, respectively). Conclusions: While educational attainment by mid-thirties was positively associated with better weight management, women's weight was already different in young adult age, before their highest education was achieved. These findings highlight a potential role of early life factors and personality traits which may influence both education and weight outcomes.
|
|
| 2. |
- Holowko, Natalie, et al.
(författare)
-
Social inequality in excessive gestational weight gain
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Obesity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0307-0565 .- 1476-5497. ; 38:1, s. 91-96
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) leads to better outcomes for both the mother and child, whereas excessive gains can act as a key stage for obesity development. Little is known about social inequalities in GWG. This study investigates the influence of education level on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and GWG.Design: Register-based population study.Setting: SwedenParticipants: Four thousand and eighty women born in Sweden who were a part of the third generation Uppsala Birth Cohort Study. Register data linkages were used to obtain information on social characteristics, BMI and GWG of women with singleton first births from 1982 to 2008.Main outcome measure: Pre-pregnancy BMI and the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) categories of GWG for a given pre-pregnancy BMI. Results were adjusted for calendar period, maternal age, living arrangements, smoking, history of chronic disease and pre-pregnancy BMI when appropriate.Results: Although most women (67%) were of healthy pre-pregnancy BMI, 20% were overweight and 8% were obese. Approximately half of all women in the sample had excessive GWG, with higher pre-pregnancy BMI associated with higher risk of excessive GWG, regardless of education level; this occurred for 76% of overweight and 75% of obese women. Lower educated women with a healthy pre-pregnancy BMI were at greater risk of excessive GWG—odds ratio 1.76 (95% confidence interval 1.28–2.43) for elementary and odds ratio 1.32 (1.06–1.64) for secondary compared with tertiary educated, adjusted for age and birth year period. Nearly half of women with an elementary or secondary education (48%) gained weight excessively.Conclusion: Education did not provide a protective effect in avoiding excessive GWG among overweight and obese women, of whom ~75% gained weight excessively. Lower educated women with a BMI within the healthy range, however, are at greater risk of excessive GWG. Health professionals need to tailor their pre-natal advice to different groups of women in order to achieve optimal pregnancy outcomes and avoid pregnancy acting as a stage in the development of obesity.
|
|
