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| 2. |
- Ibsen, H., et al.
(författare)
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Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcomes on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy? The LIFE study
- 2006
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Ingår i: Diabetes Care. - 0149-5992. ; 29:3, s. 595-600
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Our current aims were to investigate whether 1) baseline urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) predicted cardiovascular outcomes, 2) changes in UACR differed between treatments, 3) benefits of losartan were related to its influence on UACR, and 4) reduction in albuminuria reduced cardiovascular events. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 1,063 patients with diabetes, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy, UACR was measured for a mean of 4.7 years. The primary composite end point included cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Cox models were run including and excluding baseline and time-varying UACR. RESULTS: Increasing baseline albuminuria related to increased risk for cardiovascular events. Reductions in UACR at years 1 and 2 were approximately 33% for losartan vs. 15% for atenolol (P < 0.001). Benefits of losartan seem to be most prominent in patients with the highest level of baseline UACR, although treatment by albuminuria interaction was only significant for total mortality. Approximately one-fifth of the superiority of losartan was explained by the greater reduction of albuminuria. Risk of the primary end point was related to the in-treatment UACR. CONCLUSIONS: Lowering of albuminuria in patients with hypertension and diabetes appears to be beneficial and should be the subject of additional study in future clinical trials.
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| 3. |
- Ibsen, H., et al.
(författare)
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Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study
- 2005
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Ingår i: Hypertension. - 1524-4563. ; 45:2, s. 198-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Few data are available to clarify whether changes in albuminuria over time translate to changes in cardiovascular risk. The aim of the present study was to examine whether changes in albuminuria during 4.8 years of antihypertensive treatment were related to changes in risk in 8206 patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) was measured at baseline and annually. Time-varying albuminuria was closely related to risk for the primary composite end point (ie, when UACR decreased during treatment, risk was reduced accordingly). When the population was divided according to median baseline value (1.21 mg/mmol) and median year 1 UACR (0.67 mg/mmol), risk increased stepwise and significantly for the primary composite end point from those with low baseline/low year 1 (5.5%), to low baseline/high year 1 (8.6%), to high baseline/low year 1 (9.4%), and to high baseline/high year 1 (13.5%) values. Similar significant, stepwise increases in risk were seen for the components of the primary composite end point (cardiovascular mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction). The observation that changes in UACR during antihypertensive treatment over time translated to changes in risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality was not explained by in-treatment level of blood pressure. We propose that monitoring of albuminuria should be an integrated part of the management of hypertension. If albuminuria is not decreased by the patient's current antihypertensive and other treatment, further intervention directed toward blood pressure control and other modifiable risks should be considered.
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| 6. |
- Blennow Tullmar, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Defect and electrical transport properties of Nb-doped SrTiO3
- 2008
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Ingår i: Solid State Ionics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2738. ; 179:35-36, s. 2047-2058
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reports the defect and electrical transport properties of Nb-doped SrTiO3, Samples with various A/B-ratios were synthesized by a modified glycine-nitrate combustion process and evaluated as a constituent in a SOFC anode. The phase purity and defect structure of the materials have been analyzed with SEM, XRD, TGA, and XANES. The electrical conductivity of Nb-doped strontium titanate (Sr0.94Ti0.9Nb0.1O3 - sintered in 9% H-2/N-2 at 1400 degrees C for 12 h) decreased with increasing temperature and showed a phonon scattering conduction mechanism with (sigma>120 S/cm at 1000 degrees C (in 9% H-2/N-2). The results were in agreement with the defect chemistry model of donor-doped SrTiO3 where the charge compensation changes from Sr vacancy compensation to the electronic type when samples are sintered in reducing atmosphere. XANES in combination with TGA indicated that Ti is the only species that is reduced to a lower oxidation state (from Ti4+ to Ti3+). The pre-edge fine structure (PEFS) from the XANES results indicated that Nb improved the overlap of the Ti atomic orbitals and thereby provided one more explanation for the positive effect of Nb on the electronic conductivity of Nb-doped SrTiO3. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Blennow Tullmar, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemical characterization and redox behavior of Nb-doped SrTiO3
- 2009
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Ingår i: Solid State Ionics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2738. ; 180:1, s. 63-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sr-vacancy compensated Nb-doped SrTiO3 with the nominal composition Sr0.94Ti0.9Nb0.1O3 has been evaluated as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode material in terms of redox stability and electrochemical properties. Sr0.94Ti0.9Nb0.1O3 has been synthesized with a recently developed modified glycine-nitrate process. The phase purity and redox behavior have been analyzed with XRD and TGA. The electrochemical properties of Sr0.94Ti0.9Nb0.1O3 and a composite electrode of Sr0.94Ti0.9Nb0.1O3/YSZ have been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on cone shaped electrodes and on electrodes in a symmetrical cell configuration. The experiments indicated that the Nb-doped SrTiO3 electrodes were redox stable and showed a potential ability to be used as a part of a SOFC anode. The electrochemical activity appeared to be governed by the concentration of defect species (especially Ti3+ and V-0(++)) in the vicinity of the triple phase boundaries. However, the electrocatalytic activity of the materials was not sufficient and it needs to be improved if Nb-doped SrTiO3 based materials are to be realized as SOFC anodes. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Blennow Tullmar, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Niobium-doped strontium titanates as SOFC anodes
- 2008. - 4
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Ingår i: Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells III. - 9780470196359 ; 28, s. 203-214
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sr-vacancy compensated Nb-doped SrTiO3 with the nominal composition Sr0.94Ti09Nb0.1O3 has been evaluated as part of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode material in terms of redox stability, electrical conductivity, as well as electrochemical properties. Sr0.94Ti0.9Nb0.1O3 has been synthesized with a recently developed modified glycine-nitrate process. The synthesized powders have been calcined and sintered in air or in 9% H 2 / N2 between 800 - 1400 °C After calcination the samples were single phase Nb-doped strontium titanate with grain sizes of less than 100 nm in diameter on average. The phase purity, defect structure, and microstructure of the materials have been analyzed with SEM, XRD, and TGA. The electrical conductivity of the Nb-doped titanate decreased with increasing temperature and showed a phonon scattering conduction mechanism with σ > 120 S/cm at 1000 °C (in 9 % H2 / N2). The electrochemical properties of Sr0.94Ti0.9Nb 0.1O3 and a composite electrode of Sr 0.94Ti0.9Nb0.1O3/YSZ have been investigated by using a symmetrical cell configuration. The tests indicated that the electrodes were redox stable and showed a potential ability of the Nb-doped titanates to be used as a part of a SOFC anode. However, the catalytic activity of the materials was not sufficient and it needs to be improved if titanate based materials are to be realized as constituents in SOFC anodes.
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| 9. |
- Blennow Tullmar, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis of Nb-doped SrTiO3 by a modified glycine-nitrate process
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Ceramic Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 0955-2219. ; 27:13-15, s. 3609-3612
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the present investigation was to develop a technique to synthesize submicronic particles of Nb-doped strontium titanate with a homogeneous composition. This was achieved by a modified glycine-nitrate process, using Ti-lactate, Nb-oxalate, and Sr(NO3)(2) as starting materials. A combination of both citric acid and glycine was needed in order to integrate the useful features of both complexation and combustion natures of citric acid and glycine, respectively. The amount of citric acid, glycine, and nitrates in the starting solution, as well as the source for extra nitrates, and the uniformity of heating during the thermal dehydration step were found to have significant influence on the final phase purity of the material. Calcination at 1100 degrees C in 7% H-2 in N-2 produced single phase Nb-doped strontium titanate with grain sizes of about 100 nm in diameter on average. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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