| 1. |
- Larsson, D. G. Joakim, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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Release of active pharmaceutical ingredients from Indian bulk drug manufacture – environmental fate and effects on antibiotic resistance development, microbial ecosystems and vertebrate physiology
- 2008
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Ingår i: 2008 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 16-20, Tampa, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Last year, we published a paper showing extraordinary high levels of several drugs in treated effluent from a plant receiving process water from about 90 bulk drug manufacturers from the Hyderabad region in India. Particularly, the levels of various fluoroquinolones (up to 31 mg/L) called for more information on the potential development of antibiotic resistance of exposed bacteria, as well as potential ecological effects on microbial ecosystems. In this study we will present the first characterization of 93 strains of bacteria sampled inside the treatment facility for their sensitivity/resistance to 39 different antibiotics. Furthermore, controlled exposure experiments suggest that the treated effluent affects the functional structure of natural freshwater microbial communities at a dilution of 1:1000. Short to medium-term exposure experiments with frogs and fish demonstrate sublethal effects of the treated effluent at similar dilutions, suggesting that expected environmental effects are not restricted to disturbed microorganism communities. Data on the fate of different pharmaceuticals in a gradient up and downstream from the treatment facility will be presented, as well as levels in drinking water wells in seven nearby villages, showing a transport of drugs via the groundwater. We conclude that the environmental impact of drug production in the Hyderabad region is of great environmental concern. We will also present summary data on the origin of active substances present in pharmaceutical products on the Swedish market, implying an international responsibility for improving the environmental pollution situation related to bulk drug production in India.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Moore, Fiona Porteous, et al.
(författare)
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Endophytic bacterial diversity in poplar trees growing on a BTEX-contaminated site: the characterisation of isolates with potential to enhance phytoremediation.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Systematic and applied microbiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0723-2020. ; 29:7, s. 539-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The diversity of endophytic bacteria found in association with poplar was investigated as part of a larger study to assess the possibility and practicality of using endophytic bacteria to enhance in situ phytoremediation. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the root, stem and leaf of two cultivars of poplar tree growing on a site contaminated with BTEX compounds. They were further characterised genotypically by comparative sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA genes and BOX-PCR genomic DNA fingerprinting, and phenotypically by their tolerance to a range of target pollutants, heavy metals and antibiotics. One hundred and 21 stable, morphologically distinct isolates were obtained, belonging to 21 genera, although six isolates could not be identified with confidence to a genus. The endophytic bacteria exhibited marked spatial compartmentalisation within the plant, suggesting there are likely to be species-specific and non-specific associations between bacteria and plants. A number of isolates demonstrated the ability to degrade BTEX compounds or to grow in the presence of TCE. This study demonstrates that within the diverse bacterial communities found in poplar several endophytic strains are present that have the potential to enhance phytoremediation strategies.
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| 4. |
- Cotta, Michael A, et al.
(författare)
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Robinsoniella peoriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a swine-manure storage pit and a human clinical source.
- 2009
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Ingår i: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. - : Microbiology Society. - 1466-5026 .- 1466-5034. ; 59:1, s. 150-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on six strains of an unknown Gram-positive, non-motile, spore-forming, short oval to rod-shaped bacterium isolated from a swine-manure storage pit. In addition to these strains, an isolate deposited in the Culture Collection of the University of Göteborg (Sweden) was found to be biochemically related to the manure strains. The major end products of metabolism included acetate and succinate but not butyrate. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that all these isolates were closely related to each other and formed a hitherto unknown lineage within the clostridial rRNA XIVa cluster of organisms. On the basis of phylogenetic, biochemical and phenotypic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterium represents a novel genus and species, for which the name Robinsoniella peoriensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Robinsoniella peoriensis is PPC31T (=CCUG 48729T =NRRL B-23985T).
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Gomila, Margarita, et al.
(författare)
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Description of Pelomonas aquatica sp. nov. and Pelomonas puraquae sp. nov., isolated from industrial and haemodialysis water.
- 2007
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Ingår i: International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. - : Microbiology Society. - 1466-5026 .- 1466-5034. ; 57:11, s. 2629-2635
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria (strains CCUG 52769T, CCUG 52770 and CCUG 52771) isolated from haemodialysis water were characterized taxonomically, together with five strains isolated from industrial waters (CCUG 52428, CCUG 52507, CCUG 52575T, CCUG 52590 and CCUG 52631). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these isolates belonged to the class Betaproteobacteria and were related to the genus Pelomonas, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities higher than 99% with the only species of the genus, Pelomonas saccharophila and to Pseudomonas sp. DSM 2583. The type strains of Mitsuaria chitosanitabida and Roseateles depolymerans were their closest neighbours (97.9 and 97.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis was also performed for the internally transcribed spacer region and for three genes [hoxG (hydrogenase), cbbL/cbbM (Rubisco) and nifH (nitrogenase)] relevant for the metabolism of the genus Pelomonas. DNA-DNA hybridization, major fatty acid composition and phenotypical analyses were carried out, which included the type strain of Pelomonas saccharophila obtained from different culture collections (ATCC 15946T, CCUG 32988T, DSM 654T, IAM 14368T and LMG 2256T), as well as M. chitosanitabida IAM 14711T and R. depolymerans CCUG 52219T. Results of DNA-DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical tests supported the conclusion that strains CCUG 52769, CCUG 52770 and CCUG 52771 represent a homogeneous phylogenetic and genomic group, including strain DSM 2583, clearly differentiated from the industrial water isolates and from the Pelomonas saccharophila type strain. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, these strains belong to two novel species within the genus Pelomonas, for which the names Pelomonas puraquae sp. nov. and Pelomonas aquatica sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of Pelomonas puraquae sp. nov. and Pelomonas aquatica sp. nov. are CCUG 52769T (=CECT 7234T) and CCUG 52575T (=CECT 7233T), respectively.
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| 7. |
- Gomila, Margarita, et al.
(författare)
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Description of Roseateles aquatilis sp nov and Roseateles terrae sp nov., in the class Betaproteobacteria, and emended description of the genus Roseateles
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. - : Microbiology Society. - 1466-5026 .- 1466-5034. ; 58, s. 6-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three strains of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli, two isolated from industrial water and freshwater (strains CCUG 48205T and CCUG 52220) and the third from soil (strain CCUG 52222T), were analysed phenotypically and genotypically to clarify their taxonomic classification. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the three strains were located on the same phylogenetic branch, closely related to Roseateles depolymerans, the only recognized species in the genus. DNA–DNA hybridization studies, analyses of fatty acid contents, and physiological and biochemical tests supported the proposal of two novel species, Roseateles aquatilis sp. nov. (type strain, CCUG 48205T=CECT 7248T) and Roseateles terrae sp. nov. (type strain, CCUG 52222T=CECT 7247T).
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| 8. |
- Gomila, Margarita, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular Techniques for the Identification of Clinical and Environmental Achromobacter strains
- 2009
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Ingår i: FEMS 2009 - 3rd Congress of European Microbiologists.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The genus Achromobacter (βetaproteobacteria) comprises six species isolated from different sources, most from clinical samples. The ability to detect and correctly identify A. xylosoxidans and related Gram-negative, non-fermenting species is essential for patients with cystic fibrosis, as well as in nosocomial infections. Traditional phenotyping is not adequate for reliable, definitive identifications of Achromobacter species. Furthermore, sequence analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences are also not able insure accurate identification of Achromobacter species, due to the limited resolution of the rRNA genes (greater than 98.5% to each other). Objectives: The objective of this study has been to establish a genotypic, multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA), analysis for the reliable, definitive and cost-effective identification of Achromobacter species, and to apply the molecular tools for typing and identification of clinical isolates. Methods: 1) Selection of phenotypically well-described strains of Achromobacter species isolated from different sources (clinical and environmental). 2) Development of a MLSA strategy based on sequences of 16S rRNA, inter-genic spacer regions (IGS1), DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB), and RNA polymerase subunit B (rpoB). 3) Comparison and correlation of MLSA data with other methodologies: DNA-DNA hybridisation; fingerprinting analysis; cellular fatty acids analysis; and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses. Results: Individual phylogenetic trees, as well as combined datasets were compared. The combined analysis of the MLSA data provided differentiation at the intra- and the interspecies levels and reliable identifications of isolates of Achromobacter spp. Conclusions: The MLSA methodology described allows for the rapid and reliable identification of the Achromobacter species, distinguished from related Gram-negative non-fermenting organisms, and is also useful for strain differentiation and typing in molecular epidemiological studies.
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| 9. |
- Helldal, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing prevalence of ESBL but not AmpC in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, in Göteborg, 2004-2008
- 2009
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - 2009, September 3, Tromsø, Norway.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: The increasing prevalence of transferable broad-spectrum resistance to beta-lactams, such as Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC, is troublesome, since they confer resistance to cephalosporins and penicillins, and often also are associated with additional resistance. Materials and methods: Resistance for E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urine (~10.000 isolates/year) and blood (~xxx isolates/year), during 2004-2008 were determined. Cephalosporin resistant isolates were examined for presence of ESBL with a double-disk-assay using clavulanic acid as inhibitory substance. Cefoxitine-resistant strains were analyzed for presence of AmpC with a second double-disk-assay using cloxacillin as inhibitory substance. Positive strains where further tested with PCR assays for ESBL and plasmid AmpC. Results: During 2004-2008 presence of ESBL increased from 0,3–1,5% in urinary and 0,0–1,4 % in blood E. coli. For Klebsiella the corresponding figures were 0,08–0,68% and 0%, respectively. For ESBL-producing E. coli, 60–80% were resistant also to quinolones and trimetoprime. In 2008, the vast a majority of the ESBL-isolates carried CTX-M subtype 1. Approximately 50 % is community-acquired isolates. 0,15-0,23% of the urinary E. coli-strains had phenotypical characteristics indicating AmpC-production. Presence of plasmid-mediated AmpC will be tested. Approximately 50% of these were multidrug resistant. In blood E coli isolates as well as in Klebsiella from urine and blood AmpC was rarely detected (0-2 isolates/year). Discussion and Conclusion: There is a steady increase in ESBL-producing bacteria in our region. However, the frequency of isolates with AmpC is still low. In addition, a majority of these strains are multidrug resistant which is particularly alarming.
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| 10. |
- Hernández, Marcela, et al.
(författare)
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Isolation and characterisation of a novel simazine-degrading bacterium from agricultural soil of central Chile, Pseudomonas nitroreducens MHP41
- 2009
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Ingår i: FEMS 2009 - 3rd Congress of European Microbiologists.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: s-Triazine herbicides, such as simazine, are used in America in agriculture and forestry. This herbicide is persistent in soils, as well as in aquifers. Chemical and biological processes are involved in the dissipation of simazine in soil. However, microbial degradation is probably the main mechanism for removing s-triazine from soils. Objectives: 1. Isolation, metabolic and systematic characterization of bacterium MHP41 from herbicide-contaminated agricultural soil in Chile. Methods: Bacterial strains were isolated by enrichment in minimal medium with simazine as the sole nitrogen source. Simazine degradation was analysed by resting cell assays and analyses of atz genes were assessed by PCR and DNA sequencing. Strain MHP41 was characterised by ARDRA, using restriction endonucleases, MspI and HhaI, phenotypic characterisation, cell fatty acid profiling and multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA), using 16S rRNA gene, IGS-1, gyrB and rpoB sequencing. Results: 1. Strain MHP41 grew in minimal medium, using simazine as the sole source of nitrogen. 2. Resting cells of strain MHP41 degraded more than 80% of simazine within 60 min. 3. The atzA, atzB, atzC, atzD, atzE and atzF degradation genes were detected by PCR and characterised by sequence analysis. 4. Strain MHP41 was identified initially as a Pseudomonas sp. and comparative MLSA determined MHP41 to be a strain of P. nitroreducens. Conclusions: 1. The isolation and characterization of a simazine-degrading bacterium MHP41, which is capable of growing with simazine as the sole nitrogen source. 2. P. nitroreducens MHP41 possesses all atz genes of the upper and lower catabolic pathways for simazine degradation. 4. MHP41 is the first known strain of P. nitroreducens capable of degrading simazine and represents an interesting bacterium for studies on the bioremediation of s-triazine-contaminated soils.
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