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- Abe, O, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials
- 2005
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X. ; 365:9472, s. 1687-1717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Quinquennial overviews (1985-2000) of the randomised trials in early breast cancer have assessed the 5-year and 10-year effects of various systemic adjuvant therapies on breast cancer recurrence and survival. Here, we report the 10-year and 15-year effects. Methods Collaborative meta-analyses were undertaken of 194 unconfounded randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy that began by 1995. Many trials involved CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil), anthracycline-based combinations such as FAC (fluorouracil, doxombicin, cyclophosphamide) or FEC (fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), tamoxifen, or ovarian suppression: none involved taxanes, trastuzumab, raloxifene, or modem aromatase inhibitors. Findings Allocation to about 6 months of anthracycline-based polychemotherapy (eg, with FAC or FEC) reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by about 38% (SE 5) for women younger than 50 years of age when diagnosed and by about 20% (SE 4) for those of age 50-69 years when diagnosed, largely irrespective of the use of tamoxifen and of oestrogen receptor (ER) status, nodal status, or other tumour characteristics. Such regimens are significantly (2p=0 . 0001 for recurrence, 2p<0 . 00001 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than CMF chemotherapy. Few women of age 70 years or older entered these chemotherapy trials. For ER-positive disease only, allocation to about 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by 31% (SE 3), largely irrespective of the use of chemotherapy and of age (<50, 50-69, &GE; 70 years), progesterone receptor status, or other tumour characteristics. 5 years is significantly (2p<0 . 00001 for recurrence, 2p=0 . 01 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than just 1-2 years of tamoxifen. For ER-positive tumours, the annual breast cancer mortality rates are similar during years 0-4 and 5-14, as are the proportional reductions in them by 5 years of tamoxifen, so the cumulative reduction in mortality is more than twice as big at 15 years as at 5 years after diagnosis. These results combine six meta-analyses: anthracycline-based versus no chemotherapy (8000 women); CMF-based versus no chemotherapy (14 000); anthracycline-based versus CMF-based chemotherapy (14 000); about 5 years of tamoxifen versus none (15 000); about 1-2 years of tamoxifen versus none (33 000); and about 5 years versus 1-2 years of tamoxifen (18 000). Finally, allocation to ovarian ablation or suppression (8000 women) also significantly reduces breast cancer mortality, but appears to do so only in the absence of other systemic treatments. For middle-aged women with ER-positive disease (the commonest type of breast cancer), the breast cancer mortality rate throughout the next 15 years would be approximately halved by 6 months of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (with a combination such as FAC or FEC) followed by 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. For, if mortality reductions of 38% (age <50 years) and 20% (age 50-69 years) from such chemotherapy were followed by a further reduction of 31% from tamoxifen in the risks that remain, the final mortality reductions would be 57% and 45%, respectively (and, the trial results could well have been somewhat stronger if there had been full compliance with the allocated treatments). Overall survival would be comparably improved, since these treatments have relatively small effects on mortality from the aggregate of all other causes. Interpretation Some of the widely practicable adjuvant drug treatments that were being tested in the 1980s, which substantially reduced 5-year recurrence rates (but had somewhat less effect on 5-year mortality rates), also substantially reduce 15-year mortality rates. Further improvements in long-term survival could well be available from newer drugs, or better use of older drugs.
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- Carlsson, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Deep levels in low-energy electron-irradiated 4H-SiC
- 2009
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Ingår i: PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI-RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS. - : Wiley. - 1862-6254. ; 3:4, s. 121-123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deep levels introduced by low-energy (200 keV) electron irradiation in n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layers grown by chemical vapour deposition were studied by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and photoexcitation electron paramagnetic resonance (photo-EPR). After irradiation, several DLTS levels, EH1, EH3, Z(1/2), EH5 and EH6/7, often reported in irradiated 4H-SiC, were observed. In irradiated freestanding films from the same wafer, the EPR signals of the carbon vacancy in the positive and negative charge states, V-C(+) and V-C(-), respectively, can be observed simultaneously under illumination with light of certain photon energies. Comparing the ionization energies obtained from DLTS and photo-EPR, we suggest that the EH6/7 (at similar to E-C - 1.6 eV) and EH5 (at similar to E-C - 1.0 eV) electron traps may be related to the single donor (+ vertical bar 0) and the double acceptor (1- vertical bar 2-) level of V-C, respectively. Judging from the relative intensity of the DLTS signals, the EH6/7 level may also be contributed to by other unidentified defects.
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- Carlsson, Patrick, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Electron paramagnetic resonance study on n-type electron-irradiated 3C-SiC
- 2008
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH INTERNATIONAL VACUUM CONGRESS/13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SURFACE SCIENCE/INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. - BRISTOL, ENGLAND : IOP PUBLISHING LTD.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) was used to study defects in n-type 3C-SiC films irradiated by 3-MeV electrons at room temperature with a dose of 2x10(18) cm(-2). After electron irradiation, two new EPR spectra with an effective spin S = 1, labeled L5 and L6, were observed. The L5 center has C-3v symmetry with g = 2.004 and a fine-structure parameter D = 436.5 x 10(-4) cm(-1). The L5 spectrum was only detected under light illumination and it could not be detected after annealing at similar to 550 C. The principal z-axis of the D tensor is parallel to the < 111 >-directions, indicating the location of spins along the Si-C bonds. Judging from the symmetry and the fact that the signal was detected under illumination in n-type material, the L5 center may be related to the divacancy in the neutral charge state. The L6 center has a C-2v-symmetry with an isotropic g-value of g=2.003 and the fine structure parameters D=547.7 x 10(-4) cm-1 and E=56.2 x 10(-4) cm(-1). The L6 center disappeared after annealing at a rather low temperature (similar to 200 degrees C), which is substantially lower than the known annealing temperatures for vacancy-related defects in 3C-SiC. This highly mobile defect may be related to carbon interstitials.
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Patrick, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Photo-EPR Studies on Low-Energy Electron-irradiated 4H-SiC
- 2009
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum, Vols. 615-617. - Materials Science Forum Vols. 615-617 : Trans Tech Publications. - 9780878493340 ; , s. 401-404
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photoexcitation electron paramagnetic resonance (photo-EPR) was used to determine deep levels related to the carbon vacancy (VC) in 4H-SiC. High-purity free-standing n-type 4H-SiC epilayers with concentration of intrinsic defects (except the photo-insensitive SI1 center) below the detection limit of EPR were irradiated with low-energy (200 keV) electrons to create mainly VC and defects related to the C sublattice. The simultaneous observation of and signals, their relative intensity changes and the absence of other defects in the sample provide a more straight and reliable interpretation of the photo-EPR results. The study suggests that the (+|0) level of VC is located at ~EC–1.77 eV in agreement with previously reported results and its single and double acceptor levels may be at ~ EC–0.8 eV and ~ EC–1.0 eV, respectively.
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| 9. |
- Nguyen, Son Tien, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Common point defects in as-grown ZnO substrates studied by optical detection of magnetic resonance
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 310. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0248. ; , s. 1006-1009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Defects in as-grown commercial zinc oxide (ZnO) substrates were studied by photoluminescence and optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR). In addition to the Zn vacancy and shallow donor centers, we observed several ODMR centers with spin S=1/2, labeled LU1-LU4. Among these, the axial LU3 and non-axial LU4 centers were detected in all studied samples. The ODMR signals of LU3/LU4 were found to be drastically increased after electron irradiation. The preliminary result indicates that these common ODMR centers in as-grown ZnO are related to intrinsic defects. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Nguyen, Son Tien, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Defects introduced by electron-irradiation at low temperatures in SiC
- 2009
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum Vols. 615-617. - : Trans Tech Publicarions. - 9780878493340 ; , s. 377-380
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Defects introduced by electron irradiation at ~80-100 K in 3C-, 4H- and 6H-SiC were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). A number of EPR spectra, labelled LE1-10, were detected. Combining EPR and supercell calculations, we will show that the LE1 center in 3C-SiC with C2v symmetry and an electron spin S=3/2 is related to the (VSi-Sii)3+ Frenkel pair between the silicon vacancy and a second neighbour Sii interstitial along the <100> direction. Results on other centers, possibly also related to interstitials, are discussed.
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