| 1. |
- Agåker, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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A five-axis parallel kinematic mirror unit for soft X-ray beamlines at MAX IV
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. - : INT UNION CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. - 0909-0495 .- 1600-5775. ; 27, s. 262-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the introduction of the multi-bend achromats in the new fourth-generation storage rings the emittance has decreased by an order of magnitude resulting in increased brightness. However, the higher brightness comes with smaller beam sizes and narrower radiation cones. As a consequence, the requirements on mechanical stability regarding the beamline components increases. Here an innovative five-axis parallel kinematic mirror unit for use with soft X-ray beamlines using off-axis grazing-incidence optics is presented. Using simulations and measurements from the HIPPIE beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory it is shown that it has no Eigen frequencies below 90 Hz. Its positioning accuracy is better than 25 nm linearly and 17-35 mu rad angularly depending on the mirror chamber dimensions.
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| 2. |
- Álvarez-Ruiz, Rodrigo, et al.
(författare)
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Postflood Monitoring in a Subtropical Estuary and Benchmarking with PFASs Allows Measurement of Chemical Persistence on the Scale of Months
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 55:21, s. 14607-14616
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measurements of chemical persistence in natural environments can provide insight into behavior not easily replicated in laboratory studies. However, it is difficult to find environmental situations suitable for such measurements, particularly for substances with half-lives exceeding several weeks. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that a strategic postflood monitoring campaign can be used to quantify transformation half-lives on the scale of months in a real aquatic system. Water samples were collected in the upper Brisbane River estuary on 36 occasions over 37 weeks and analyzed for 127 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). High quality time trend data were obtained for 41 substances. For many of these, data on the input of a wastewater treatment plant to the upper estuary were also obtained. A mass balance model of the estuary stretch was formulated and parametrized using PFASs as persistent benchmarking chemicals. Transformation half-life estimates were obtained for 10 PPCPs and 7 pesticides ranging from 18 to 260 days. Furthermore, insight was obtained into dominant transformation processes as well as the magnitude of chemical inputs to the estuary and their sources. The approach developed shows that under certain conditions, estuaries can be used to quantify the persistence of organic contaminants with half-lives of the order of several months.
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| 3. |
- Dewapriya, Pradeep, et al.
(författare)
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Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Discovered in Cattle Exposed to AFFF-Impacted Groundwater
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 57:36, s. 13635-13645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The leaching of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from Australian firefighting training grounds has resulted in extensive contamination of groundwater and nearby farmlands. Humans, farm animals, and wildlife in these areas may have been exposed to complex mixtures of PFASs from aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). This study aimed to identify PFAS classes in pooled whole blood (n = 4) and serum (n = 4) from cattle exposed to AFFF-impacted groundwater and potentially discover new PFASs in blood. Thirty PFASs were identified at various levels of confidence (levels 1a–5a), including three novel compounds: (i) perfluorohexanesulfonamido 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (FHxSA-HOPrA), (ii) methyl((perfluorohexyl)sulfonyl)sulfuramidous acid, and (iii) methyl((perfluorooctyl)sulfonyl)sulfuramidous acid, belonging to two different classes. Biotransformation intermediate, perfluorohexanesulfonamido propanoic acid (FHxSA-PrA), hitherto unreported in biological samples, was detected in both whole blood and serum. Furthermore, perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, including perfluoropropane sulfonamide (FPrSA), perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), and perfluorohexane sulfonamide (FHxSA) were predominantly detected in whole blood, suggesting that these accumulate in the cell fraction of blood. The suspect screening revealed several fluoroalkyl chain-substituted PFAS. The results suggest that targeting only the major PFASs in the plasma or serum of AFFF-exposed mammals likely underestimates the toxicological risks associated with exposure. Future studies of AFFF-exposed populations should include whole-blood analysis with high-resolution mass spectrometry to understand the true extent of PFAS exposure.
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| 4. |
- Fernandes, Alwyn R., et al.
(författare)
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Recommended terms and abbreviations for polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) as the predominant component of chlorinated paraffins (CPs)
- 2023
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Ingår i: TrAC. Trends in analytical chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0165-9936 .- 1879-3142. ; 169
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite several decades of study, ambiguities persist in terms used to express environmental and biotic occurrences of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), the main ingredient of chlorinated paraffins (CPs). This can lead to misinterpretation of data between analytical chemists, toxicologists, risk assessors/managers and regulators. The terms recommended here to harmonise reporting and reduce ambiguity use the conventional definition of PCAs - linear chlorinated alkanes (typically, C≥10) with one chlorine per carbon, although some evidence of multiple chlorination exists. Other recommendations include.● reporting the “Sum of measured PCAs” because “Total PCAs” is currently unquantifiable.●reporting individual chain lengths, e.g., ΣPCAs-C11, ΣPCAs-C13, allows easier comparability and allows toxicology and risk assessment to consider different PCA combinations.● maintain studies on individual PCAs in order to better characterise chemical, environmental and health risk behaviour.The terms could be extended in future to assimilate new findings on individual PCAs, multiple chlorination and chirality.
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| 5. |
- McLachlan, Michael S., et al.
(författare)
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Removal of 293 organic compounds in 15 WWTPs studied with non-targeted suspect screening
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2053-1400 .- 2053-1419. ; 8:7, s. 1423-1433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding how contaminant breakthrough in wastewater treatment plants is influenced by chemical structure and treatment technology is important for protecting the aquatic environment. In order to assess this question, consistent contaminant breakthrough measurements are required for a large number of chemicals. Using direct injection UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS with data-dependent non-target data acquisition followed by suspect screening against a library of >7000 compounds with exact mass and MS2 spectra, we quantified the removal of 293 chemicals in 15 WWTPs with widely varying treatment technology. Principle component analysis showed a clear and consistent influence of treatment technology on contaminant breakthrough. Log breakthrough was significantly correlated with log TSS and log BOD in treated effluent for 71% and 68% of the chemicals, respectively. Chemicals were identified which could be used as indicators of the standard of wastewater treatment. Furthermore, chemicals were identified that could be used to predict the breakthrough of groups of other chemicals. A high degree of correlation was found for the breakthrough of different groups of chemicals, which suggests that the data could be used to develop models describing how chemical structure influences breakthrough or removal efficiency. Non-targeted suspect screening is a useful method for generating consistent WWTP breakthrough data for large numbers of chemicals.
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| 6. |
- Nguyen, Hue T., et al.
(författare)
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Background release and potential point sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to municipal wastewater treatment plants across Australia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are known to be significant sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the environment. In this study, PFAS were measured in the influent of 76 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serving approximately 53% of the Australian population. Of fourteen target PFAS, twelve analytes including six C5–C10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), four C4-10 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and two fluorotelomer sulfonates (6:2 and 8:2 FTS) were detected. Of these, PFOS, PFHxS and PFHxA had the highest median concentrations. The per capita background release of Σ12 PFAS to WWTP influent in Australia was estimated to be 8.1–24 μg/d/per person. The background release was supplemented by contributions from catchment specific point sources (i.e., industry, airports, military bases, and landfills), whereby the number of industrial sites positively correlated with the per capita mass load of Σ12 PFAS (r = 0.5–0.63, p < 0.01). The per capita mass loads were extrapolated to the entire Australian population, with estimates suggesting that approximately 1 kg/d of Σ12 PFAS reach WWTPs in Australia (300–400 kg annually), with more than half of the PFAS (∼59%) attributed to background release and the remaining (∼41%) to catchment specific point sources. These data provide insight into the release of major PFAS to wastewater at a national scale in Australia.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Analytical uncertainties in a longitudinal study : A case study assessing serum levels of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
- 2021
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Ingår i: International journal of hygiene and environmental health. - : Urban & Fischer. - 1438-4639 .- 1618-131X. ; 238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a range of persistent organofluorine contaminants, some of which have been found to accumulate in humans and have long half-lives. In longitudinal studies, when relying on measurements obtained at different points in time, it is critical to understand the associated analytical uncertainties when interpreting the data. In this manuscript we assess precision measurements of serum PFAS analysis in a follow-up study undertaken approximately 5 years after the initial study. These measurements included intra-(n = 58) and inter-batch duplicates (n = 57), inter-batch replicates (n = 58), inter-laboratory replicates (n = 10) and a re-analysis of 120 archived serum samples from the initial study. Average coefficients of variation (CV) for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) associated with the reanalysis of archived samples ranged from 4 to 8%, which was greater than the inter- and intra -batch duplicates (<3%), but lower than the inter-laboratory comparison (CV ≥ 10%). Multi-centre analytical capacity in studies increases the variance within the dataset and implementation of variability-measures are useful to refine and maintain comparability. Due to long PFAS half-lives, this variance is an important consideration when deciding appropriate time intervals for sample collections in longitudinal studies, to ensure the difference is greater than the analytical uncertainty.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Biomonitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in firefighters : Study design and lessons learned from stakeholder and participant engagement
- 2022
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Ingår i: International journal of hygiene and environmental health. - : Elsevier. - 1438-4639 .- 1618-131X. ; 242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Firefighters may be occupationally exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) through Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF), smoke, dust and turnout gear, in addition to other background exposure sources. Epidemiological assessment of PFAS exposure in an occupational cohort of firefighting staff commenced in 2013-2014, following cessation of PFAS-based AFFF in Australian aviation. Here we present the study design and methodology of a follow-up study conducted in 2018-2019. We focus on our experiences engaging with stakeholders and participants with the establishment of an inclusive study group and highlight the key lessons learned from implementing a co-design process in the study. The study included a cross-sectional assessment of blood serum concentrations of 40 PFASs, including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and 14 health-related biomarkers in 799 current and former Aviation Rescue Firefighting Services employees. A large proportion (87%) of the participants from the preliminary exposure study in 2013-2014 were re-recruited in the follow-up study. This enabled further longitudinal analyses in this subset of 130 participants. Participants included employees from different work roles and timeframes, reflecting the periods when three different firefighting foams were utilised in Australia. Establishment of a collaborative and inclusive study group (including stakeholders and participants) contributed to several components of the study design, including the expansion of robust analytical quality assurance and control measurements, and tailoring of communication and dissemination strategies. These outcomes were key factors that improved transparency of the research design, methods and results. Additionally, implementing elements of co-design helped build trust between researchers and participants, which is an important consideration for studies funded by stakeholders related to the exposure source.
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| 9. |
- O'Malley, Elissa, et al.
(författare)
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The presence of selected UV filters in a freshwater recreational reservoir and fate in controlled experiments
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 754
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- UV filters present in sunscreen and other cosmetics are directly released into the environment during aquatic recreational activities. The extent to which the wide range of UV filters pose a risk to the environment remains unclear. This study investigated the occurrence and dissipation of selected organic UV filters at a recreational site (Enoggera Reservoir, Queensland, Australia) over 12 h. Furthermore, different possible degradation processes were investigated in a controlled off-site experiment with surface water exposed to natural light. Half-lives were estimated for ten UV filters. In Enoggera Reservoir, seven UV filters were detected, of which the most prevalent were octocrylene, avobenzone (BMDBM) and enzacamene (4-MBC). Summed concentrations of the seven UV filters ranged from 7330 ng L-1 at 13:00 h to 2550 ng L-1 at 21:00 h. In the degradation experiment, four UV filters showed no significant change over time. The fate of these compounds in the environment is likely to be mainly influenced by dispersion. Half-lives of the remaining UV filters were 6.6 h for amiloxate (IMC), 20 h for benzophenone 1, 23 h for octinoxate (EHMC), 30 h for 3-benzylidene camphor, 34 h for 4-MBC and 140 h for dioxybenzone (BP8). The degree of susceptibility to photodegradation and biodegradation was generally consistent within a structural class. The fate and half-lives of UV filters are variable and should be considered on a per site basis when assessing environmental risk.
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| 10. |
- Rousis, Nikolaos I., et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic status and public health in Australia : A wastewater-based study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of untreated municipal wastewater is recognized as an innovative approach to assess population exposure to or consumption of various substances. Currently, there are no published wastewater-based studies investigating the relationships between catchment social, demographic, and economic characteristics with chemicals using advanced non-targeted techniques. In this study, fifteen wastewater samples covering 27% of the Australian population were collected during a population Census. The samples were analysed with a workflow employing liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and chemometric tools for non-target analysis. Socioeconomic characteristics of catchment areas were generated using Geospatial Information Systems software. Potential correlations were explored between pseudo-mass loads of the identified compounds and socioeconomic and demographic descriptors of the wastewater catchments derived from Census data. Markers of public health (e.g., cardiac arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease, anxiety disorder and type 2 diabetes) were identified in the wastewater samples by the proposed workflow. They were positively correlated with descriptors of disadvantage in education, occupation, marital status and income, and negatively correlated with descriptors of advantage in education and occupation. In addition, markers of polypropylene glycol (PPG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) related compounds were positively correlated with housing and occupation disadvantage. High positive correlations were found between separated and divorced people and specific drugs used to treat cardiac arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Our robust non-targeted methodology in combination with Census data can identify relationships between biomarkers of public health, human behaviour and lifestyle and socio-demographics of whole populations. Furthermore, it can identify specific areas and socioeconomic groups that may need more assistance than others for public health issues. This approach complements important public health information and enables large-scale national coverage with a relatively small number of samples.
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