| 1. |
- Holmberg, John, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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10 miljarder lyckliga planetskötare
- 2007
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Ingår i: Konsumera mera –dyrköpt lycka, Formas Fokuserar. - 9789154059980 ; , s. 135-147
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Holmberg, John, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Energianvändning i bebyggelsen – vad är det som styr?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Energi och Bebyggelse – teknik och politik, Forskningsrådet för miljö, areella näringar och samhällsbyggande. - 9154059348 ; , s. 112-118
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Nässén, Jonas, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Direct and indirect energy use and carbon emissions in the production phase of buildings: An input-output analysis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 32:9, s. 1593-1602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a considerable disagreement in the literature on the magnitude of primary energy use and CO2 emissions linked to the production of buildings. In this paper we assess the Swedish building sector using top-down input-output analysis. These top-down results are then disaggregated into sectors and activities, which are compared to results from 18 previous bottom-up studies using process-LCA methodology. The analysis shows almost 90% higher specific energy use (GJ/m(2)) for the top-down methodology. The differences are only around 20% for the share coupled to production and processing of building materials, while for other involved sectors such as transport, construction activities, production of machines and service sectors, the input output analysis gives much higher values. Some of these differences can be explained by truncation errors due to the definition of system boundaries in the bottom-up studies. The apparent underestimation of energy use for transport, services etc. in bottom-up studies is only of marginal importance when comparing for example materials choices, but when comparing the production phase to the use phase of buildings such errors are likely to result in an underestimation of the relative importance of the production phase since the use phase is dominated by more easily estimated direct energy use. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Nässén, Jonas, 1975
(författare)
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Energy efficiency and the challenge of climate change - Studies of the Swedish building sector
- 2005
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The interrelated environmental, social and economic challenges imposed by global climate change will make it one of the central political issues in the coming century. Use of fossil fuels is the largest source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and hence the transformation of the energy system plays a central role in the mitigation of future climate change. While the energy debate is often focused on changes on the supply side of the energy system, scenarios indicate that changes on the demand side are equally important for future abatement of CO2 emissions. The building sector is very important in terms of primary energy use and contains major potentials for energy efficiency improvements. However, the slow replacement of the building stock requires long time perspectives in energy policy in order to utilize these potentials. This thesis consists of three papers with the Swedish building sector as the common object. The first paper analyses the development in the Swedish building sector over time by decomposing CO2 emissions in underlying trends, and looking at separate energy use trends for existing buildings, new-construction and best available technology. The results show that the improvements in energy efficiency stagnated in both existing buildings and new-construction in the late eighties and nineties, and that the diffusion of energy efficient technologies appears to be slow. The specific energy use for heating in mainstream new-construction is twice as high as in the best performing buildings 20 years ago. The second paper addresses two central questions from the first paper: Why has the development towards improved energy efficiency stagnated, and what are the causes of the slow adoption of energy efficient technologies in the building sector? Two methods are used: econometric analysis to quantify the explanatory value of energy prices and income trends, and a qualitative analysis based on interviews. The results show that declining specific energy use for heating has a high correlation with increasing energy prices and that the price elasticity has not changed markedly over time. This implies that the stagnation to a large extent can be explained by energy price trends. The paper also points to potential organisational barriers to energy efficiency as well as weaknesses in the learning processes in the building sector. The third paper is based on an input-output analysis of primary energy use and CO2 emissions from the production of buildings. The aim is to disaggregate top-down results into activities and materials which can be compared to results from bottom-up studies. The results show only minor differences for production and processing of building materials, while for other upstream sectors such as transports, production of machines and services sectors, the input-output-analysis gives much higher values. Some of these differences can be explained by truncation errors due to the definition of system boundaries in bottom-up studies. Truncation errors may imply underestimations of the relative importance of energy use in the production phase, since the use phase is dominated by more easily estimated direct energy use.
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| 7. |
- Nässén, Jonas, 1975
(författare)
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Energy efficiency - Trends, determinants, trade-offs and rebound effects with examples from Swedish housing
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is based on five separate papers. The first paper analyses the development of the Swedish building sector over time by decomposing CO2 emissions in underlying trends, and studying separate energy use trends for existing buildings, new buildings and best available technology. The results show rapid improvements in energy efficiency during the seventies, but that this development stagnated in both existing and new buildings in the late eighties and nineties, and that the diffusion of energy efficient technologies appears to be slow. The specific energy use for heating in average new buildings is twice as high as in the best performing buildings 20 years ago. The second paper deals with the causes of these trends, including an econometric part and a qualitative part.The third paper handles indirect energy use and CO2 emissions coupled to the production phase of buildings. Results from an input-output analysis are disaggregated into activities and materials which can be compared to results from bottom-up studies. The results show only minor differences for production and processing of building materials, but for other upstream sectors such as transport, services and production of machines, the input-output analysis gives much higher values. This implies that bottom-up studies may underestimate the relative importance of energy use in the production phase in relation to the use phase.The forth paper handles rebound effects of energy efficiency improvements caused by decreasing prices of energy services as well as by reduced direct energy expenditures which can be redirected to other goods and services. Different parameter assumptions are tested. The total rebound effects of energy efficiency appear to be in the range of 5 to 15 percent in most cases, but cases with low or negative investment costs for energy efficiency may result in higher values.The fifth paper is an optimization study on the potential trade-offs between energy efficient supply systems (combined heat and power/district heating) and energy efficient end-use of heat. The cost effective solution depends to a large extent on the relation between the electricity price and the CO2 price. This in turn depends on what technologies that are available for electricity production. Without alternatives to basic condensing electricity production, high CO2 prices result in high electricity prices, high profitability of combined heat and power and thus little incentive to reduce heat demand. In contrast, if low CO2 alternatives are available, the electricity price levels out at high CO2 prices. In this case, end-use efficiency measures may be cost effective also in buildings with district heating.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Nässén, Jonas, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Stagnating energy efficiency in the Swedish building sector--Economic and organisational explanations
- 2008
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 36:10, s. 3814-3822
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development towards higher energy efficiency in the Swedish building sector stagnated in the late 1980s and 1990s. In new buildings the average specific energy use for heating is twice as high as in the best performing buildings 20 years ago. By combining econometric studies and interviews with actors in the building sector we analyse the underlying economic and organisational causes for this development. In the stock of buildings, specific energy use for heating (kWh/m 2 /yr) has a high correlation with increasing energy prices and price elasticities have not changed markedly over time. This implies that the stagnation to a large extent can be explained by energy price trends. On the contrary, in new buildings the correlation between energy prices and specific energy use is much weaker. One important cause of low sensitivity to price changes is that information about the life cycle cost (LCC) of different investment alternatives is often not available to the involved actors. The most common investment criterion is instead the requirements of the national building energy standard which has developed into a norm rather than a minimum for energy performance. In this paper we also discuss potential improvements in the learning processes within the sector. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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